08/19/2026
in 1920, the long campaign for women’s suffrage reached a historic milestone when the 19th Amendment was ratified, granting women the right to vote nationwide.
The fight for women’s voting rights began decades earlier. Historians often point to the Seneca Falls Convention of 1848 as the formal beginning of the women’s suffrage movement, where participants adopted the Declaration of Sentiments calling for women’s equality. Three decades later, the movement took its fight directly to Congress. The constitutional amendment that would become the 19th Amendment was first introduced in 1878 as the “Susan B. Anthony Amendment.” Thousands of suffragists petitioned Congress, but the amendment was "indefinitely postponed."
By the early 20th century, the campaign had become increasingly visible and forceful. In 1918, President Woodrow Wilson publicly supported women’s suffrage following years of demonstrations and protests outside the White House led by activists including Alice Paul and Lucy Burns. When the amendment was reintroduced in Congress that year, it passed the House but fell short in the Senate. Suffragists continued their campaign, and on June 4, 1919, the amendment finally passed both chambers of Congress.
Ratification then moved to the states. Although 23 of the 48 states had already granted women partial or full voting rights in state and/or national elections, 36 states were required to ratify the amendment. The final vote came down to Tennessee, where the state House was deadlocked. Representative Harry Burn cast the decisive vote in favor of ratification after receiving a note from his mother, Febb Burn, urging him to support suffrage.
Although the amendment granted all women the right to vote, many were unable to exercise their right. Discriminatory policies like poll taxes, literacy tests, and grandfather clauses barred many African American men and women from voting until the passage of the Civil Rights Act in 1965.