09/23/2026
Who were the Romans? Why was Paul writing to them? The church in Rome was not founded by Paul. In fact, he’d never been there when he wrote this letter. The congregation was likely founded by Jewish believers who had been in Jerusalem for the Feast of Weeks, which the Greek-speaking Jews called Pentecost. And like other churches we see in Acts and in Paul’s letters, the congregation was mixed – both Jews and Gentiles together worshiping Jesus as Messiah and Lord.
Then in AD 49, Emperor Claudius expelled all the Jews from Rome. For about five years, there were no Jews in city Rome. When Claudius died in AD 54, the Jews began to return to the city and to the church. For five years, Gentiles ran the church, preached, and worshiped in ways comfortable for Romans and Greeks. Perhaps the keeping of the biblical feasts fell by the wayside. Certainly, nobody was keeping kosher. Then the Jewish believers returned, still fully Jewish, still keeping the ancient practices, some of them still keeping kosher.
Some of you here at St. Luke’s have been present for the ups and downs of church life. You have seen how church culture shifts when leadership changes or a substantial group of people move away. I’ve had some close-up looks at rector changes and the departure of congregational stalwarts. Change is hard. Relationships are strained, sometimes rather quickly. So it seems it was at the church in Rome.
We’re not sure who told Paul about the Roman church’s troubles. One likely connection is Priscilla and Aquilla. Paul met them in Corinth after the couple were kicked out of Rome with the other Jews. Perhaps when they returned to Rome 5 years later, they encountered friction and remembered Paul had experience ministering to mixed congregations.
Paul expounds a lot of theological truths throughout Romans, explaining how Jesus saves both Jew and Gentile, reminding the Gentiles that God still loves the Israel that cannot see Jesus as Messiah. Then he gets to some practicalities of community life.
In Romans 14, Paul is alluding to the clash of calendars. Jews probably want to keep Sabbath and the biblical feasts. The Romans don’t see a need for that. Maybe they think that all we need is to worship Jesus on Sunday, because that’s when the resurrection happened. These arguments have continued through church history into our time.
I agree with Paul that we must give each other grace to follow our personal convictions on these secondary and tertiary theological questions like what days we keep holy, what rules of life we follow. We should neither condemn people for when they keep Sabbath, or if they choose to keep kosher or some other form of abstaining, nor condemn those who feel free in Christ to not do those things.
Still, I do believe that the Feasts of the LORD, as the biblical holidays are called in Leviticus 23, have something to teach us Gentiles about Jesus.
So because the lectionary served us up this Romans 14 passage on Rosh Hashana, we will look at the three biblical fall feasts...
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