23/06/2026
On May 30, 1876, Emperor Alexander II signed the Ems Decree in the German resort town of Ems, a secret order that imposed a near total ban on Ukrainian literature across the Russian Empire.
It built on an earlier order, the 1863 Valuyev Circular, which had already barred Ukrainian language scientific, educational and religious texts. The Ems Decree went further. Literary works, translations, even Ukrainian song lyrics for sheet music were banned from print. Ukrainian books published abroad could not be imported. Plays could not be staged. Public readings and concerts in Ukrainian were treated as threats to the state.
The decree was drafted by Mykhailo Yuzefovych, who accused Ukrainian cultural leaders of plotting an independent republic. Its reach extended into classrooms and institutions: Ukrainian teachers were reassigned away from Ukrainian provinces, Ukrainian professors were dismissed from Kyiv University, and the Southwestern Branch of the Russian Geographical Society was shut down for the offence of proving, through its own research, that Ukrainians had a distinct culture, language and homeland.
Those who resisted paid for it directly. Mykhailo Drahomanov was dismissed from his post and went into exile in Switzerland, where he kept Ukrainian publishing alive and smuggled uncensored work back into the empire. Pavlo Chubynsky, already arrested years earlier for his ties to an anti-imperial society, had written the poem that would go on to become Ukraine’s national anthem.
The Ems Decree was never officially repealed. It simply lost force after 1905, when political freedoms were briefly restored, only for the same impulse to resurface under Soviet rule, from Stalin’s purges of Ukrainian writers to later directives mandating Russian instruction in national republics. In total, more than 200 decrees and directives were issued across the Russian and Soviet empires aimed at eroding Ukrainian language and identity.
150 years on, the pattern has not disappeared. In Russian occupied Ukrainian territory today, Ukrainian signage is removed, books confiscated and Ukrainian speakers face prosecution for the language they speak