06/02/2026
In 1938, just before the Second World War, a Philadelphia gum manufacturer sold 100 million trading cards built around one idea: to know the horrors of war is to want peace. The final card in the set was called "The Frightful Cost of War."
Then the war it warned about arrived, and the message was forgotten.
In a new piece for CGS, historian Charles Howlett brings that lesson back. World War II cost the equivalent of $104 trillion today. The Iran war is now projected to exceed $1 trillion. Behind every figure are schools never built, treatments never funded, and families paying more for food and fuel right now.
His conclusion is direct. Saying "war is bad" over and over will not stop the next one. What will is building real alternatives: democratic institutions, grounded in justice and law.
Read the full piece: https://globalsolutions.org/updates/blog/the-frightful-cost-of-war-and-a-bubble-gum-card/