02/09/2025
With emancipation, African American women succeeded as contracted laborers in agriculture, service, and professional careers in law, education, and business. Thousands entered common, normal, and trade schools – and others, universities, and colleges to gain professional certification and degrees. Women like Mary McLeod Bethune aided in the building of this new labor force by opening schools that encouraged self-sufficiency, industry expertise, and altruism among Black girls and women. Bethune founded the Dayton Literary and Industrial Training School for Negro Girls in Daytona Beach, Florida, in 1904. Her first students were five girls and her five-year-old son. Seven years later, Bethune opened the Mary McLeod Hospital and Training School for Nurses to train Black women in healthcare professions.
Decades later, during World War II, McLeod, along with A. Philip Randolph and Eleanor Roosevelt lobbied President Franklin Roosevelt to stipulate government contracts for the war must hire people of color and women. This ushered an estimated 600,000 African American women into factories where airplanes, tanks, and ships for the war effort were assembled. Celebrating women on the assembly lines as patriotic, painter Norman Rockwell depicted the image of “Rosie the Riveter” (1943) in overalls and headscarf with welding tools and muscles. “Black Rosies” helped dispel gender and racial stereotypes surrounding labor while forging new opportunities for African American women.
Learn more: https://s.si.edu/4hhcmPF
📸 Courtesy of Alfred Palmer/PhotoQuest/Getty Images.