08/07/2026
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1. Glioma (Overview)
Glioma is a tumour arising from glial cells of the CNS.
Types of Glioma
Astrocytoma
Oligodendroglioma
Ependymoma
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM)
📌 Most common primary brain tumours
2. Astrocytoma
Tumour arising from astrocytes.
WHO Grades
Grade I: Pilocytic astrocytoma (children, benign)
Grade II: Diffuse astrocytoma
Grade III: Anaplastic astrocytoma
Grade IV: Glioblastoma multiforme
Features
Slow growing (low grade)
Infiltrative
Common in cerebral hemispheres
Causes seizures, headache
Treatment
Surgery
Radiotherapy ± chemotherapy
3. Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM)
Most malignant brain tumour
WHO Grade IV
Seen in adults (50–70 yrs)
Features
Rapid growth
Necrosis & hemorrhage
Crosses corpus callosum → Butterfly tumour
Prognosis
Very poor
Median survival ≈ 12–15 months
4. Oligodendroglioma
Origin: Oligodendrocytes
Common in frontal lobe
Features
Seizures common
Calcification on CT
“Fried egg” appearance (histology)
Prognosis
Better than astrocytoma
5. Ependymoma
Origin: Ependymal cells
Common in children
Location
4th ventricle
Spinal cord (adults)
Features
Hydrocephalus
Vomiting, headache
6. Meningioma
Extra-axial tumour
Arises from arachnoid cap cells
Features
Benign
Dural tail sign on MRI
More common in females
7. Medulloblastoma
Malignant tumour of children
Origin: Cerebellum
Features
Ataxia
Hydrocephalus
CSF spread (drop metastasis)
8. Schwannoma (Acoustic Neuroma)
Origin: Schwann cells
CN VIII
Symptoms
Hearing loss
Tinnitus
Vertigo
9. Pituitary Adenoma
Benign tumour of pituitary gland
Effects
Hormonal imbalance
Bitemporal hemianopia
10. Brain Metastases
Most common malignant brain tumours overall.
Primary sources:
Lung
Breast
Kidney
Melanoma
Summary Table
Tumour
Origin
Key Point
Astrocytoma
Astrocytes
Slow → malignant
GBM
Astrocytes
Most aggressive
CNS tumor # # Brain cancer # # #