05/06/2016
What to know before you spray your lawn with pesticides
By Amanda Mascarelli July 7, 2014
This is the time of year when pesticides get sprayed on lawns, parks and golf courses. Though the goal may be to make these green spaces more pleasant places to play — fewer bugs, fewer weeds — these treatments may not be as safe as you assume.
Most people are “not aware of the hazards that the unthinking use of pesticides poses to their children,” says Philip Landrigan, dean for global health and a professor of pediatrics at the Mount Sinai School of Medicine in New York. Pesticides include herbicides to kill weeds and insecticides such as those sprayed to manage cockroaches and other pests.
Pound for pound, children receive much higher exposures to these chemicals than adults do, just through normal daily activity, Landrigan says. Because children are growing quickly, “they take into their bodies more of the pesticides that are in the food, water and air,” he says. They also roll around in the grass and put their fingers in their mouths, which greatly increases exposure.
Researchers are learning a great deal about how vulnerable children’s brains are to pesticides during fetal and early childhood development. “These delicate developmental processes are easily disrupted by very small doses of toxic chemicals that would be virtually harmless for an adult,” Landrigan says.
States and local jurisdictions play a major role in regulating the use of chemicals on lawns. The active ingredient most widely used on residential lawns in the United States is a chemical mixture called 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, or 2,4-D, which is sold in differing formulations under a variety of trade names. Another common herbicide is glyphosate. Studies of occupational exposure to agricultural pesticides (including 2,4-D and glyphosate) have found a positive correlation with certain cancers.
The Environmental Protection Agency approves pesticides based on their intended use, but there are many uncertainties regarding how much exposure is safe and how mixtures of chemicals act together, says Gary Ginsberg, a public health toxicologist and an assistant clinical professor at the University of Connecticut. Many states and counties require that signs be placed on turf that has been treated. Maryland, for instance, requires commercial applicators to post signs following the spraying of pesticides on lawns and other landscapes but does not require homeowners to do the same.
Unfortunately, flags generally do not give people adequate warning, says Ginsberg, author of “What’s Toxic, What’s Not.” And many people ignore them, he says.
What’s more, there is no scientific standard for how long one should stay off a lawn after it is treated. Many companies that use these chemicals warn that people should stay away from sprayed surfaces for six to 24 hours. Yet a 2013 study examining the levels of lawn pesticides in the urine of dogs found that herbicides persisted on lawn surfaces for at least 48 hours after spraying. “If you’re trying to get rid of the bulk of the exposure, you want to be off of [a treated area] for at least two days, and I would say more like three,” Ginsberg says.
It is not just direct exposure to sprayed areas that presents a concern. “There’s some inevitable transfer into the home or the neighbor’s home from the use on the lawn,” Ginsberg says. Some pesticides waft in through vents and windows during and after spraying; people and dogs also track residue inside. A 2001 study found that a week after lawn treatment, 2,4-D could be detected on all indoor air surfaces, including tabletops and windowsills. The team estimated that indoor exposure to 2,4-D for young children was about 10 times higher during the week after lawn application than it was in the week before the lawn was treated.
