04/30/2025
Gandhi's Sarvodaya -may help the world of April 2025-explained in article--
The Economics of Motherhood: A Unique Perspective of Gandhi
Vaira Balasubramaniam – Trichy
[permission granted qwen-ai translated from Tamil from PANIMALAR 2025- Utah Tamil Sangam]
The economic structure is considered the foundation of social construction. As Thiruvalluvar said, "Without wealth, this world would not exist." History also confirms that the form of competition for economic dominance among powerful nations has been world wars. In this context, there are differing opinions among scholars about the economic principles suitable for India’s current social structure, sustainable development, peace, and progress. However, Dr. J.C. Kumarappa, a great Gandhian economist, defined Gandhian economics as a theory appropriate for independent India.
Joseph Cornelius Belladurai Kumarappa, from Thanjavur, was a scholar who earned his doctorate from Columbia University and held high positions in many countries. Later in life, he renounced everything to become a disciple of Gandhi and lived at the Mahatma Gandhi Ashram in Madurai until his death. He was the one who formulated Gandhi's economic theories into a clear doctrine.
Gandhi was not an economist, but he analyzed society based on truth and morality, wrote about it, spoke about it, and implemented these ideas in his ashram. It was Dr. Kumarappa who systematized these thoughts into what we now call "Gandhian Economics." Before him, in 1944, Sriman Narayan Agarwal had proposed something called the "Gandhian Plan." This article briefly summarizes the ideas of Dr. J.C. Kumarappa.
Gandhian Economics
Gandhian economics fundamentally centers around the village. It is rooted in the ethical principle of Sarvodaya ("welfare of all"). Morality serves as the lifeblood of Gandhian economics, with truth (Satya ) and non-violence (Ahimsa ) as its two wheels. All previous economic theories have revolved around either exploitation or resistance to exploitation.
The term Sarvodaya was first used by the Jain monk Samantabhadra. Gandhi, unaware of this, titled his Gujarati book Sarvodaya , meaning "the upliftment of all." It promotes self-reliance, mutual cooperation, public welfare, and equality. It advocates for an environmentally sustainable economy that utilizes local resources through handicrafts.
In Gandhian economics, production, consumption, distribution, and exchange are determined by the principles of truth and non-violence. Dr. J.C. Kumarappa beautifully classified economic systems and theories that existed up to that point. He argued that the economic lifestyle of a community determines its economic structure. In his book "The Economy of Permanence: A Quest for a Social Order Based on Non-Violence," he explained five types of economic lifestyles:
1. Parasitic Economy : Parasites drain nutrients from the plants they inhabit, eventually killing them. Similarly, predators like lions kill deer for food. This violent economic system thrives on destruction. For their own gain, resources are depleted, human rights and dignity are ignored, and only a few benefit while many suffer. Such a society is authoritarian, and peace cannot prevail.
2. Predatory Economy : Like a monkey stealing mangoes without helping the tree grow, this system operates on selfishness. Corruption and bribery are forms of theft. Exploiting patients for excessive profits exemplifies this system. Justice does not prevail in such a society; it becomes exploitative.
3. Enterprise Economy : Some organisms benefit themselves while helping others. Bees collect nectar from flowers while aiding pollination. Farmers cultivate crops and share the surplus. This system involves minimal violence.
4. Gregarian Economy : Bees work not just for themselves but for the entire hive. Collective family systems and cooperative organizations reflect this principle. However, external violence may occur against those outside the group.
5. Service Economy : The mother-child relationship exemplifies this system. A mother bird searches tirelessly for food and risks her life to protect her chicks. Her actions are selfless, aimed at nurturing the next generation. This is the foundation of a stable, non-violent economy, often called the "Economics of Motherhood." Examples include figures like Mother Teresa and Mother Leão Bravo.
Dr. M.P. Gurusham explains that parasitic life involves 100% violence, predatory life 50%, enterprise life balances love, duty, and sacrifice at 50%, gregarious life achieves 100%, and service life exceeds 150%. Dr. Kumarappa further classified these five systems into three stages:
• (a) Primitive or Animal Stage
• (b) Modern or Human Stage
• (c) Advanced or Creative State
A statement by Gandhi captures the essence of his economic philosophy:
"I do not believe in the concept of 'greatest good for the greatest number.' If interpreted literally, it implies that if 51% benefit, it is acceptable to neglect the welfare of the remaining 49%. This is a heartless doctrine that has harmed humanity. True human progress lies in ensuring the greatest good for all, which can only be achieved through heightened self-realization." (Page 304)
If Gandhi’s Sarvodaya -based economic principles had been implemented, many of the crises we face today might have been avoided. Wealth without labor is considered a societal sin in Gandhi’s thought.