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06/25/2019

D. Bruce Howell

THE SUTLER’S WIFE

History does repeat itself, particularly on occasions of love and marriage. Female companionship was sparse in frontier settlements and Fort Gibson was no exception. So when 25 year old Sarah Nicks was widowed and also rich by standards of the day, the courting rush was on. According to Washington Irving, who visited Fort Gibson in 1832, “one quartermaster serenaded her so often and so vigorously that he disturbed the sleep of persons on the post.” There will be more about her courtship later.

Colonel John Nicks was her recently deceased husband. After 13 years in the service of his country, Nicks was discharged from service in 1821 as a result of the military downsizing following the war of 1812-15 with England. As a civilian, he almost immediately obtained the appointment as sutler for the 7th Regiment at Fort Smith. Sutlers are licensed civilian merchants who sell non-military goods, commodities like to***co, coffee or sugar to troops. Frequently they also offered other amenities such as card games, alcohol and prostitutes.

Nick’s business as sutler at Fort Smith was quite successful and partially because of that he was elected to the Territorial Legislature of Arkansas and served two terms representing Crawford County. He was so popular that before the treaty with the Western Cherokee in 1828 when the area around Sallisaw was still part of Arkansas, the county seat of Lovely County was named Nicksville in his honor. Today, Nicksville is the site of Dwight Mission.

Obviously, John Nicks was “on a roll,” and July 13, 1824 the 50 year old Nicks married 18 year old Sarah Price Perkins. The nuptials were presided over by the Reverend William Vaill, founder of Union Mission. It was also at this time Nicks and his new bride moved to Fort Gibson where he became a partner with John Rogers. Rogers was a prominent citizen, known to be the last chief of the Western Cherokee. In addition to his responsibility as sutler, in 1827 a post office was established at Fort Gibson and Nicks was named postmaster.

But beyond the success and obligations of his business, life was dull at the fort and John and his friends frequently engaged in their two favorite pastimes, drinking and gambling. During at least one 4th of July banquet no less than 13 toasts were given. Poker parties occurred frequently and sometimes lasted for days. On at least one occasion, Nicks returned after a three day binge and attempted to crawl through a window into his bedroom but was commanded to throw up his hands. Sarah was sitting in bed with a gun leveled at her husband and demanded that he “explain his conduct in sneaking into her bedroom like a thief.”

Either the combination of gambling and drinking or the strain of married life was just too much for Nicks because after a ten day bout with pneumonia he died December 31, 1831 at the age of 57. But now while the young Widow Nicks was suddenly available to suitors, there was more to add to her appeal. Within days following John Nicks’ funeral, the commander of Fort Gibson appointed the grieving Sarah as sutler “at least until such time as she may dispose of her husband’s goods.” Not only was her personal wealth expanded but so was her status. By this appointment, Sarah Nicks not only became the first woman to hold a position in the United States Government, inadvertently she also became the first business woman in what would become the state of Oklahoma!

Naturally the race was on for the hand of this plump but attractive and wealthy woman. Just as Washington Irving, Sam Houston took note and on one occasion wrote how wives of the officers at Fort Gibson envied the courtship of the Widow Nicks because of their own rather lonely lives. These observations among the elite continued for the next four years as suitors came and went. But ultimately it was over. Retired Colonel Robert Stuart Gibson, a merchant and now post master at Fort Gibson won her hand.

Although successful at business, apparently it didn’t apply to marriage for Sarah. Her second husband died ten years later at the age of 45. Further suitors either declined in numbers or were ignored and she lived out the remaining years of her life at Fort Smith where it had all started. Despite her notoriety as a “femme fatale” and status as “first woman,” fifty six year old Sarah Nicks Gibson died in 1862 alone. She is buried in the National Cemetery at Fort Smith among the soldiers with whom she spent most of her life.

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06/05/2019

ECHOES FROM THE PAST

D. Bruce Howell

A TRAVELER’S GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA, CIRCA 1859

Historians tend to focus on the adventures of explorers who venture into new lands. Conversely, there is a tendency to ignore issues confronted by pioneers in what proved to be the great American migration after the Louisiana Purchase. The explorers were men experienced in the ways of survival on the frontier but those who following close behind were not and many paid for that inexperience with their lives. {more}

Migration west of the Mississippi started in earnest in the 1830s. Although it was under Mexican control, land in Texas became available and thousands traveled the Texas Trail to get there. There were hardships, but going to Texas through Missouri and Indian Territory, both relatively flat and with moderate climates, was dramatically different then heading west across the plains and mountains. When the Kansas-Nebraska Act opened up land west of Missouri in 1845 and later, in 1849 when gold was discovered in California, the mass migration multiplied many times over. Inexperienced pioneers loaded their families and a few precious possessions on wagons and headed west.

When wagon trains were organized members met and selected a leader. Occasionally the man was experienced but more often he was just a popular choice. The standard for poor judgment in choices was established by the George Donner Party. Among nearly 500 wagons that departed in the spring of 1846, the 87 member Donner Party left Westville, the future Kansas City, bound for California. After they reached Fort Bridger, Wyoming, the party chose Lanford Hastings who had made the trek to California by horseback but never led a wagon train. Reaching Salt Lake City, he took an alternative route south of Salt Lake that created delays, resulting in the party reaching the Sierra Nevada Mountain Range in mid-October where they became snowbound. Throughout the winter, 34 died and there was evidence of cannibalism before the rest was rescued the following spring.

Partly as a result of the Donner disaster as well as a myriad of later deaths ranging from cholera by drinking impure water, to what seasoned veterans of the trail called “rookie mistakes,” travel publications began to appear. The most popular of these, The Prairie Traveler was developed by U.S. Army Captain Randolph Marcy. Marcy, a West Point graduate, was stationed at Fort Gibson in 1849 when he was ordered to blaze a trail to lead a group of gold seekers from Fort Smith to California. Successful, he was then ordered to explore and chart the headwaters of the Trinity and Brazos Rivers. His achievements in these ventures resulted in his leading the first expedition to locate the source of the Red River. Marcy’s superiors became impressed not only with his abilities as an explorer but also with the details of his written reports. As a result, in 1857 he was tasked with developing a traveler’s guide for pioneers.

During the 1850s, Marcy made several trips west and was quite familiar with the most popular routes reflected in the minute details of the 300 page guide. In all, he prepared itineraries of seven western routes from Texas to Minnesota. His information ranging from daily mileage to location of water or grazing for animals is only surpassed by his advice regarding appropriate food, clothing and weaponry. Following are some excerpts pertaining to a trail from Fort Leavenworth, Kansas to Salt Lake City.

73 stops indicating the distance between each, a total of 1168 miles. For example: 3 miles to Salt Creek – good camp, wood, water and grass; 12 miles to Cold Spring – To the right of the road, in a deep ravine, plenty of wood, water and grass. 16 and 2/3rds miles to Grasshopper Creek, etc. With each stop he details what is available as well as dangers such as quicksand in the rivers, lack of wood (buffalo chips can be a substitute) or the alternatives if animals from previous trains might have eaten all the available grass.
Relative merits of mules and oxen
Upon good firm roads in a populated country, I should unquestionably give the preference to mules as they travel faster and endure heat better than oxen, and if the journey isn’t over 1,000 miles. If the distance is greater, oxen are preferred. They are much less likely to be stampeded by Indians and they can, if necessary, be used for beef.

Clothing
In the summer season shoes are much better for footmen than boots, as they are lighter and do not cramp the ankles. Woolen clothing is the best material for the plains and they guard against rattlesnake bites.

The publication of Randolph Marcy’s best selling guide proved to be timely, particularly in relation to the surge of settlement in the west after the Civil War. Without question and to his credit, most of those who read and followed the detailed advice in The Prairie Traveler arrived at their destination safely. There would be no Donner Party disasters for those who followed Marcy’s instructions.

05/14/2018

CONFUSION AT COWSKIN PRAIRIE

Historical events have typically been viewed and recorded from many perspectives but it would be difficult to determine who was the most confused compiling the sequence before, during or after the battle at Cowskin Prairie June 6, 1862. Early in the Civil War, Cowskin Prairie, a large expanse of land in northeastern Delaware County, was a favorite bivouac site for Colonel Stand Watie and his troops. The location was some distance from the Military Road, frequently used by Union troops, and in addition to excellent forage for animals, deposits of lead for molding bullets could be found. Now Watie and his counterpart, Missouri cavalry Colonel John T. Coffee had encamped there after routing Union forces in Neosho first on April 30 and again at the end of May.
The Union high command became increasingly alarmed at these rebel incursions into Missouri and in preparation of a major counter attack into Indian Territory, General James G. Blunt authorized Colonel William Weer to recruit Indian refugees who fled to Kansas because they were sympathetic to the northern cause. While Weer was recruiting and organizing the Indians, troops under his command at Fort Scott were assigned to Colonel Charles Doubleday. Initiating what would become the first element in a series of confusing events and depending on different accounts of authorization, the colonel left Fort Scott on June 1st and marched troops to Indian Territory ostensibly to engage the enemy. By late afternoon on June 6th, he and his troops arrived on the west bank of the Grand River across from Grove Springs. After scouts determined that the Watie encampment was about three miles to the east of his position, the colonel crossed the river leading a detachment of about 1,000 troops that primarily included cavalry, but also a battery of light artillery equipped with six Parrott Rifles. This was significant because the Parrott Rifle, a cannon highly accurate within the range of one mile, would prove to be a valuable asset in creating what would also become the basis for the second pending element of confusion.
Darkness was falling as Colonel Doubleday and his troops closed in on the unsuspecting confederates. After unlimbering the Parrott Rifles, the command was given to fire resulting in pandemonium among the 400 occupants of the rebel camp. Later reports indicated that only a few cannon shots were fired but ricocheted off of trees in the darkness. The noise and debris not only creating absolute chaos within the rebel camp, the dark night made it nearly impossible for the invaders to determine who was friend or foe.
The third element of confusion involved reports following the brief encounter which supposedly resulted in no casualties on either side. Participating Union commanders viewed the results somewhat differently. Colonel Doubleday reported, “Advanced with artillery and infantry in skirmish order, which was effected by the entire force by 9 p m.” Captain David Rabb, in charge of the artillery noted, “The enemy was routed after our firing 6 shots and shell. (We) captured a large amount of stock, equipage and munitions of war.” Cavalry Lieutenant David Carter summarized, “We captured about 75 prisoners and about 1,000 head of cattle.” On the other hand, by Watie’s account, all of his men escaped and, since he did not mention the cows, evidently he just conceded they were taken prisoner.
The aftermath of the conflict became even more confusing when Colonel Weer, who had gathered his Indian troops at Baxter Springs, summoned Doubleday to a meeting that soon resulted in the angry Doubleday’s resignation from service. Newspapers became involved in the controversy prompting a letter to one editor from Weer who wrote “I did not even know of the attack on Standwaitz (Stand Watie) being intended, until it was all over and had failed.” Doubleday fired back with his own letter of defense and noted, “I captured some 1,500 head of stock from the enemy on Cowskin Prairie. I also committed the blunder of driving away some fifteen or eighteen hundred of the enemy…there now is no enemy nearer than Fort Smith.” Shortly after, the disgruntled Doubleday resigned from service.
Reports and disagreements in the aftermath of battles in past wars are products of those who viewed them from different perspectives. Today modern technology and “imbedded” reporters are focused on gathering information which insures much more accurate documentation for future generations. Over 150 years have passed since the battle at Cowskin Prairie, but apparently it is still an infrequent subject of discussion and misinformation. For example, one current history website describes some details of the conflict but instead of June 6 erroneously states that it occurred July 3, 1862 “on the same day as the Battle of Locust Grove.” Not only do the dates differ, the two sites are 50 miles apart. Obviously, the confusion continues.

05/07/2018

THE FORTUNES OF WAR…AND PEACE

Except for the bright moonlight on this September night in 1864 the strategy of a night time raid was perfect. Richard Gano’s cavalry lay in wait on the south side of the pasture hidden by Cabin Creek where it curved to the west. Howell’s Texas cannon battery was aligned near the Military Road where it angled to the southwest after passing in front of Joe Martin’s house. Stand Watie’s mounted Cherokees waited northwest of the impending battlefield ready to unleash a pincher move on the Union troops garrisoned in between. And, at 2:00 A.M. all hell broke loose as the Confederates struck. Pandemonium ensued as frightened mules and drivers tried to scurry out of the way of cannon balls and onrushing cavalry, but by morning’s light the battle was over. A Union wagon train estimated to be worth a million dollars had been captured and new life a stimulated the Confederate war effort in Indian Territory. In the ensuing months the victory would be recognized as “a high water mark” by the Confederate legislature in Richmond and General Edmund Kirby-Smith, head of the Trans Mississippi Department, called it “one of the most brilliant raids of the war.” Who were these commanders receiving accolades from their superiors?
Prior to the war, Richard Montgomery Gano had been a medical doctor turned rancher in Grapevine, Texas west of Dallas. Today, part of his ranch comprises the Dallas-Fort Worth airport. In 1860 he was elected to represent Tarrant County in the Texas legislature but resigned to become a Confederate cavalry officer when the Civil War broke out the next year. He served with John Hunt Morgan in Kentucky until 1863 when he was ordered to his present command in Indian Territory.
Stand Watie, Gano’s counterpart in the victory at Cabin Creek, had become notoriously unpopular among many of the Cherokee for signing the Treaty of New Echota which the federal government had used as a ploy to divest the nation of its land holdings in Georgia. After moving to Indian Territory in 1837, he developed a farm near Honey Creek east of Grove and in 1839 survived an assassination attempt for his role in signing the treaty. As years passed he became successfully involved in business interests and, before the war was recognized as a political force in Cherokee politics. As the war progressed both Watie and Gano were promoted to the rank of brigadier general.
Captain Sylvanus Howell had been a successful Texas lawyer, rancher and county clerk and supported Gano and Watie in several battles and skirmishes.
Citizen soldiers have been part of the fabric of the United States since the Revolutionary War. Men and women have left their civilian occupations to lead or follow others into battle and return to their homes to reclaim their former lives if possible. In this instance, unlike other conflicts that involved a threat to the nation fought elsewhere, the Civil War was a series of internal conflicts often characterized as “brother against brother.” Desolation followed where battles occurred or opposing sides occupied a territory. With the exception of Gettysburg, Antietam and just a few others, battles during the Civil War were fought primarily in the Confederate states and in Indian Territory. That fact created far different post war circumstances for the heroes of the Second Battle of Cabin Creek.
After the war, Richard Gano, a highly religious man, was ordained a minister in the Disciples of Christ. He and his wife Mattie raised 12 children, nine of whom lived to adulthood. He also became a Texas stock farmer and, along with others, capitalized on sales for the northern beef market after the war. Gano eventually acquiring 30,000 head of cattle on a ranch spanning 55,000 acres, what is now part of Big Bend National Park. A well respected Dallas millionaire when he died in 1913 at the age of 83, Gano was buried in Oakland Cemetery.
Stand Watie went to north Texas when the war ended to retrieve his family where they had been moved for safety. Within a short time, he settled on a small farm at Webbers Falls, describing himself as “flat broke,” and spent considerable time attempting to negotiate a settlement for the Cherokees with the federal government. A son, Comisky, had died in Texas at the age of 15. Two others, Saladin and Watika were to die soon after the family returned to Indian Territory. The devastation reeked on his homeland never allowed Watie to recover financially or regain his political status. Soon after moving to a farm on O’Field’s Bend (the southern end of today’s Monkey Island), Watie, 65, contracted a fever and died in September of 1871, just seven years after the battle at Cabin Creek. He was buried at Polson’s Cemetery southeast of Grove.
Sylvanus Howell returned to Fannin County, Texas and resumed his responsibilities. He died there remembered as a successful public servant and citizen.
The high water military mark for these civilian soldiers occurred during the second battle of Cabin Creek . Although they fought for the same cause, the fortunes of war allowed both Richard Gano and Sylvanus Howell to return to their homeland and prosper, while Stand Watie struggled with both his political and business efforts. Three civilian soldiers fighting for the same cause and celebrated for a singular war time achievement would face far different futures afterward…the fortunes of war and peace.

03/05/2018

161

HECK BRUNER…“A GOOD MARSHAL”

Volumes have been written about lawmen and desperadoes facing off in gun fights, highlighting the drama of the west in the 1800s that included our region. Lawmen faced danger, although they didn’t know when it would occur. In reality there was no job requirement except courage, the concept of the “fastest gun” was vastly overblown, and backgrounds varied. The “Three Guardsmen,” U.S. Deputy Marshals’ Heck Thomas, Bill Tilghman and Chris Madsen are examples. During the Civil War, Thomas, had been a confederate soldier from Georgia, Tilghman was born in Fort Dodge, Iowa eventually ending up in Dodge City then taking part in the 1889 Land Run. Madsen migrated from Denmark, served in the U.S. Army and also participated in the Land Run. This curious mixture of backgrounds comprises a sampling of the 200 deputy marshal positions allocated to Judge Isaac Parker. Also included was a Missouri farm boy, Eli Hickman “Heck” Bruner.
Bruner was born February 13, 1859 in Mercer County, Missouri and several years later the family moved to Siloam Springs, Arkansas where he met and married Sarah Bradley. He was introduced to law enforcement by serving as posse for several marshals and in 1890, at the age of 30, Heck Bruner was himself appointed Deputy U.S. Marshal. Since they could maintain a family residence wherever they chose, Bruner moved Sarah and their three children, to Vinita in order to be more centrally located within his jurisdiction.
Like most marshals, he was seldom home. He always carried several warrants for arrest, and pursuit of the perpetrators, even those guilty of a minor crime, could range from days to weeks. While occasionally the duty of a U.S. Deputy Marshal could involve confronting a hardened criminal, most often the responsibilities were focused on citizens who had committed lesser infractions. Misdemeanors were handled by the local judicial system, but more serious crimes were brought before Judge Parker at Fort Smith, Bruner filed reports that included a large number of arrests and convictions for “Introducing and selling illegal liquor in Indian Territory,” a federal violation, amid other lesser crimes for arson, larceny, bigamy, contempt of court or assault. Many required trips to Fort Smith.
Early in 1892 during his first gunfight and after a lengthy pursuit, Bruner was credited with killing Wakoo Hampton and arresting the Brown Gang east of Tahlequah. A more high profile case came in November that year when he was attached to the posse that finally caught and killed Ned Christie. Christie had been charged with the murder of Deputy Sheriff Dan Maples and eluded capture for four years. He was pinned down in a cabin by Bitting Creek and was killed November 3rd fleeing from the burning building.
Ironically, Bruner had business back home that same day. A heinous crime had been committed at Chelsea just 19 miles southwest of Vinita. Nineteen year old Bob Rogers had argued with Jess Elliot, a Vinita lawyer while they were drinking in a Claremore saloon. Rogers followed him to Chelsea, killed him then escaped west. Rogers returned within a few months and formed a gang that robbed several banks and trains. Bruner was assigned the case and pursued the Rogers Gang for the next two years. Eventually, Bruner and a posse decimated the gang and, while Rogers escaped, he was killed the following March near Nowata.
These episodes continued to be interspersed with the less dramatic day to day responsibilities. Trips to es**rt prisoners to Fort Smith were a frequent occurrence and, at least in one instance Bruner was at Parker’s courthouse at the right time. Crawford Goldsby alias Cherokee Bill was imprisoned but managed to obtain a gun and kill one guard. Bruner heard the gunshots, grabbed his shotgun and, along with others, subdued the Indian.
Heck Bruner’s law enforcement career eventually included nine gunfights, the arrests of 11 men for murder and bringing countless others to justice for lesser infractions. His life in law enforcement might have mirrored many deputies, but considering the dangers he had faced, his death was somewhat different. In early January of 1899, after living in Vinita for nine years, the family moved to Pryor Creek where his wife Sarah had obtained a job managing the Commercial Hotel. In June, Heck was given a routine assignment to deliver some subpoenas east of the Grand River. When he and a companion reached the river it was at flood stage and the ferry was on the other side. After the ferryman couldn’t be located, Bruner stripped and attempted to swim the swollen river but, at about half way, slipped from sight. His body was located a mile downstream two days later.
Frequently, those who remain to mourn do not recognize the contributions or achievements of the deceased, however the citizens of Pryor Creek did. In Heck’s honor the town’s businesses closed, and a procession of 200 citizens, led by 30 members of the Masonic Lodge attended his burial. “Gone, but not forgotten” might also be added to his epitaph. In 2012, the Oklahoma Law Enforcement Hall of Fame, an organization of his peers, recognized Bruner as “an investigator with a successful reputation…a good marshal who was effective and committed to policing Indian Territory.”

02/12/2018

ASSIMILATION AND THE PERFECT STORM

Ever since the United States government was formed its Congress would address what frequently was called “the Indian Problem.” The issues revolved around expansion of this new nation, acquiring lands that various tribes claimed, and ways and means of assimilating them into white society. There are countless Indian chiefs who attempted to resolve this dilemma and still maintain the identity of their tribe. This is the story of one.
It was 1866 and Oochalata, a full blood Cherokee who lived at the headwaters of Brushy Creek southeast of today’s Jay, had just been selected as district judge. Born in Georgia to Long Charles, a full blood Cherokee and a white woman whose name is lost in history, Oochalata had survived the Trail of Tears. As a young man, he had been heavily influenced by the teachings of the Reverend Evan Jones who founded the Baptist Mission near Westville. Oochalata was also a charter member of the Keetoowah Society that Jones organized in 1859. The Keetoowah consisted mostly of full bloods opposed to slavery and who supported Cherokee traditions. Because of that belief, during the early stages of the Civil War, Oochalata and most of the full blood Cherokees switched from the Confederacy to supporting the Union. He joined the Third Indian Home Guards under the command of Colonel Lewis Downing, who later became Principal Chief of the Cherokee Nation. Shortly after the war and with Downing’s support, Oochalata was elected as judge. Three years later he became a member of the Cherokee Senate and, it was then that he decided to change his name to Charles Thompson. Adopting a portion of his Indian name “chala” as Charles, he chose the surname of Thompson to honor his Senate predecessor Dr. Jeter Lynch Thompson. He would serve four terms as senator, 1869, 1871, 1873, and later in 1877. Despite all of the negative circumstances during the earlier years of his life, Charles Thompson had risen above them, become well grounded in the Nations politics and in 1875 he was elected Principal Chief. It was during this time that he witnessed the beginning of the final stages of what would become “the perfect storm” leading to both the dissolution of his nation and assimilation.
Following the Civil War, reconstruction in the South preoccupied Washington and the devastation that had occurred in Indian Territory was practically ignored. John Ross, Lewis Downing and William Ross, Thompsons predecessors after the war, had addressed circumstances to the best of their ability and reconstruction within the Nation had slowly progressed. However by 1875, Washington had once again turned its attention to the “Indian problem” and the potential of Indian Territory for white settlement. Members of Congress, previous authors of an untold number of broken treaties approved two railroads constructed in 1871 involving millions of acres of Cherokee land. Although western farm land had been available through the Homestead Act approved in 1862, much of that land had been settled and, emboldened by more recent actions of Congress thousands of squatters began moving in to Indian Territory.
Communicating with Congress, Thompson first addressed the railroad investors, “whose goal was to seize millions of acres of land promised by Congress…and robbing us.” Regarding the issue of squatters he noted, “There are now thousands of intruders squatted upon our lands” and he requested having them removed, only to be rebutted or ignored. In another futile attempt, Thompson prepared 138 pages of citations from all of the treaties with the government declaring that the Nation had the right to determine who was a Cherokee citizen. And as the tide for the perfect storm continued to rise, there also was a constant battle to thwart organizing a territorial form of government in Indian Territory. Still further complicating Thompson’s efforts to maintain sovereignty was the fact that some prominent members of the Cherokee Nation, men like E.C. Boudinet, the founder of Vinita, supported integration into the white society.
Despite support from the Keetoowahs, Charles Thompson was not re-elected for a second term in 1879. He had not been successful in stemming the tide of assimilation, nor would his seven successors as Principal Chief. The final blow to Cherokee independence before the waves of that perfect storm came tumbling down was Congressional approval of the Dawes Act dividing land into parcels that here-to-for belonged to the Nation.
Neither Charles Thompson nor his predecessors or successors could stem the white tide. Native Americans were soon swept up in integration and into the prevailing society. The perfect storm of land acquisition from Indian tribes was over however their meaningful assimilation would still take much longer.

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