03/27/2026
Gazing on Ulysses: Theo Angelopoulos' Odyssey of Balkan Identity
"Homer's Odysseus was a (fictional) man of many things: twists and turns (polu-tropos), sufferings (polu-tlas), and wiles and guile (polu-mētis). What may not be so well known is that he was also a man of many names. 'Odysseus' is thought to be a kind of 'speaking' name, related etymologically to a Greek verb for grieving. He was also known, in Greek, as Oulixes, Oulixeus, Olysseus, Oliseus, all dialectal variants, all with 'l' for 'd'. As such, they point the way to his name's reception into a fellow Indo-European language, whose original native speakers, Romans and other inhabitants of Latium (today's Lazio), had chosen to borrow a dialectal variant of the Greek alphabet to transcribe their own phonemes. In Latin, Greek Odysseus became transmogrified into 'Ulysses', and it's as such that I'm interested in him here, in a short essay on his contemporary reception in the world of Greek moviemaking. For my subject is, in its English translation, Theo Angelopoulos's Ulysses' Gaze (1995).
In (modern) Greek the movie's title is of course 'Odysseus' Gaze (vlemma)', and the clue to that choice lies in our most widespread use of 'odyssey' today - to mean a voyage, a journey, including ones with, yes, many twists and turns, wiles and guiles, and indeed ... travails (that word is a direct calque on 'travel' - which can often be, well, painful). For Angelopoulos (1935-2012) was a filmmaker with a strong penchant for making movies about travelling and travellers: most famously, perhaps, The Travelling Players (1974/5, in Greek Thiasos, which means something rather different, a troupe with a common ritual, often religious purpose and identity), but also 1980's The Voyage to Cythera (a small island off the southern tip of mainland Greece). Ulysses' Gaze lacks the idea of travel in its title, but its content is instinct with it, especially the roamings of its lead character, a modern Odysseus."
Read more here: https://open.substack.com/pub/paideiainstitute/p/gazing-on-ulysses?r=527d0t&utm_campaign=post&utm_medium=web&showWelcomeOnShare=true