04/08/2023
The Resurrection of Jesus: Count on it
By Douglas Groothuis, Professor of Philosophy, Denver Seminary
Christianity is the only religion that worships a divine founder who rose from the dead in space-time, datable history. The founders of all other religions died and stayed dead, nor do their adherents dispute this. Thus Easter commemorates and celebrates a historical event unlike any other: the resurrection of Jesus Christ from the dead. But what is the significance of the resurrection? Can we know it really happened?
The four Gospels report that Jesus predicted his death, burial, and resurrection. All of his wondrous teachings, healings, exorcisms, and transforming relationships with all manner of people—from fishermen to tax collectors to prostitutes to revolutionaries—would be incomplete without his crucifixion and resurrection. Shortly before his death, “Jesus began to explain to his disciples that he must go to Jerusalem and suffer many things at the hands of the elders, chief priest and teachers of the law, and that he must be killed and on the third day be raised to life” (Matthew 16:21). Peter resisted this grim fact, but Jesus rebuked him. There was no other way (vs. 22-23). For, as Jesus had taught, he “did not come to be served, but to serve, and to give his life as a ransom for many” (Matthew 20:28; see also Luke 19:11).
He gave his life on an unspeakably cruel Roman cross—impaled for all to see before two common criminals. We call this day Good Friday because it was good for us; but it was dreadful for Jesus. As Jesus’ disciple Matthew recounts: “And when Jesus had cried out again in a loud voice, he gave up his spirit. At that moment the curtain of the temple was torn in two from the top to the bottom. The earth shook and the rocks split” (Matthew 27:50-51). When the guards at the crucifixion experienced the earthquake and the other extraordinary phenomena, “they were terrified, and exclaimed, ‘Surely he was the Son of God!’” (v. 54). The dead Messiah was pried off his bloody cross, embalmed, and laid in a cold, dark tomb, guarded to the hilt.
All seemed lost. The one who had boldly claimed to be “the way, the truth, and the life” (John 14:6), the prophet who had announced that “God so loved the world that he sent his one and only son that whoever believes in him would not perish but have eternal life” (John 3:16)—this man now had died. The man who had raised the dead was dead.
On the first day of the week, two women, both named Mary, came to visit the tomb of their master. They had stayed with him as he died. Now they visited his tomb in grief. Yet instead of mourning a death, they celebrated a resurrection. An angel from God, who rolled back the stone sealing the tomb and charged them to look at its empty contents. He then told them to tell Jesus’ disciples of the resurrection and to go to Galilee where they would see him. As they scurried away, Jesus himself met them, greeted them, and received their worship (Matthew 27:8-9). He directed them, “Do not be afraid. Go tell my brothers to go to Galilee; there they will see me” (v. 10).
The rest is history, and it changed history forever. The fact that women were the first witnesses to the resurrection puts the lie to the notion that the idea of Jesus’ resurrection was concocted at a later point to add drama to his life. Women were not taken to be trustworthy witnesses in courts of law at that time, although Jesus always respected them. If someone had wanted to create a pious fraud, they never would have included the two Marys in their story.
Moreover, all four Gospels testify to the factual reality of the resurrection. These accounts were written by eyewitnesses (Matthew and John) or those who consulted eyewitnesses (Luke and Mark); they were people in the know, not writers of myths and legends (see Luke 1:1-4; 1 Peter 1:16). As he began to study the Gospels as an unbeliever, the literary scholar, C.S. Lewis, saw that they were not written in the fashion any literary fiction. They defied all those genres. He had to face facts. He did and became a Christian.
After the resurrection, the gospel of the risen Jesus was quickly proclaimed in the very area where he was crucified. This upstart “cult” would have been easily refuted by someone producing the co**se of Christ, which both the Jewish establishment and the Roman government had a vested interest in doing, since this new movement threatened the religious and political status quo. But we have no historical record of any such thing having occurred. On the contrary, the Jesus movement grew and rapidly spread. Christian Jews changed the day of worship from Saturday to Sunday, in honor of Jesus’ resurrection. Pious Jews would never do such a thing on their own initiative, because it would set them against their own tradition and their countrymen. Nor would they have ceased offering the prescribed sacrifices their Scriptures required had not Jesus proven himself to be the final sacrifice for sin, the lamb of God (see John 1:29 and the Book of Hebrews).
Thus, the resurrection of Jesus best accounts for this change in their day of worship, their manner of worship, and the spiritual transformation at the core of their lives. Moreover, the two key rituals of the earliest church—communion and the baptism—both presuppose the historicity of the resurrection and are very difficult to explain without it. But we have another witness, the Apostle Paul.
Saul was a zealous Jew who at first opposed the Jesus movement.
He consented to the death of the Stephen, the first Christian martyr. Yet Jesus appeared to him and converted him (Acts 9). Paul’s letters to the churches were most probably written earlier than the Gospels. Writing about twenty years after Jesus’ crucifixion, Paul affirmed.
If Christ has not been raised, your faith is futile; you are still in your sins. Then those also who have fallen asleep in Christ are lost. If only for this life we have hope in Christ, we are of all people most to be pitied. But Christ has indeed been raised from the dead, the firstfruits of those who have fallen asleep (1 Corinthians 15:18-19).
Paul listed many witnesses of the risen Christ, some of whom were still living when he wrote (1 Corinthians 15:3-8). He also proclaimed that Jesus “through the Spirit of holiness was declared with power to be the Son of God by his resurrection from the dead” (Romans 1:4). Since Jesus rose from the dead, he promises that his followers will be raised immortal as well.
Those who deny the resurrection of Christ have to affirm one of two unlikely stories. (1) Either the early disciples knew Jesus remained dead and un-resurrected or (2) they were deceived into thinking he rose from the dead. We will consider each.
If the followers of Jesus knew he was dead, they had no motive to preach him as the Lord of life. He was discredited in the eyes of the world and all but a few followers turned against him. There is no reason why followers of a man they knew was dead would claim he was alive. They would only be persecuted for what they knew was a lie.
But could the early Christians have been deceived about Christ’s resurrection? What could have caused a deception of this proportion? Neither the Romans nor the Jews would do it, since they rejected the Jesus movement. The hallucination theory fails also. Jesus appeared to too many people at too many times—and sometimes to whole groups of people—for these to be explained by a hallucination.
The resurrection is at the core of the Christian faith and the Christian life. Without the bodily resurrection of Jesus Christ, there is no gospel message, no future hope, and no new life in Christ. With the resurrection, Christianity stands unique in all the world. No other religious movement is based on the resurrection of its divine founder. When Jesus announced, “I am the resurrection and the life” (John 10:25), he meant it. He demonstrated it. Let us, then, leave our dead ways and follow him today and into eternity.
[For more on the resurrection of Jesus, see Douglas Groothuis, “The Resurrection of Jesus,” in Christian Apologetics: A Comprehensive Case for Biblical Faith, 2nd ed. (InterVarsity Press, 2022).]