09/01/2026
in , 1790, the 1st Census began. Ever since, it has been conducted every 10 years in an attempt to count each individual living in the . Though easily overlooked, the decennial Census—mandated by the —provides our nation guidance on both representation in and taxation. Further, at a time when it can be difficult to ascertain the truth, the Census, one scholar observes, is “some of the most reliable information the nation has.”
The Census was created by the Framers as an instrument of democratic governance. They reflected on their frustrations under the Articles of Confederation to draft the Constitution and forge a new way to best represent US citizens. Like other aspects of the Constitution, they created a check & balance by making population the basis of tax capacity and political power. In fact, the US became the 1st nation to use a census to continuously reapportion political power (i.e., representation).
Counting each person, however, is no simple task. In 1790, Pres. Washington oversaw the Census, estimating, “The numbers of our people as far as they can be ascertained from the present stage of the Census, will...astonish Europe” and may “add consequence to the union of these States.”
The 1790 Census took 18 months to complete and provided—for the 1st time—a count of our population in 6 original categories: head of family, number of free white men older and younger than 16, free white women, other free persons, and the enslaved.
From this, the 1st apportionment of seats in the House of Representatives occurred, assigning 1 representative for every 33,000 people—though only counting the enslaved as 3/5 of a person—for a total of 105 representatives.
Thus, while the Census' questions and apportionment have changed dramatically since 1790, it remains a critical piece of our representative democracy, serving as “not only a headcount of our nation,” its director has argued, but “a history of the people of this country since our founding.”