05/03/2026
In keeping with the recent program concerning the changes to the English language following the American Revolution in order to make it less “English” and more “American”, Steph May, a Hancock Rotary member and former Foreign Languages teacher retired from Baltimore County, decided to do a presentation tracing the early origins of the English language prior to Merriam’s interpretations.
Steph described the Anglo-Saxon language, or Old English, as originating from West Germanic dialects as spoken by Angles, Saxons, and Jutes who migrated from modern-day Denmark and northern Germany to Britain in the 5th century. These Germanic dialects replaced the local Celtic languages on much of the island, becoming the foundation of English. From the 8th and 9th centuries Vikings invaded and settled adding their language, Norse, into the mix.
In 1066 the Normans invaded, who were themselves of Viking descent. Old English was then replaced for a time by Anglo-Norman spoken by the upper class. This developed into Middle English, in which all the letters in a word were pronounced and eventually evolved into Modern English.
Modern English, then, had quite a strong Old Norse influence. Shakespeare is an example of Modern English. It’s notable that it contained lots of loanwords from Latin, Greek, and other European languages. Ultimately around 1400-1700 the Great Vowel Shift occurred which meant significant changes in pronunciation which affected long vowels. Modern English was then firmly in place by 1700.
Thank you, Stephanie, for sharing your passion for languages with us.