05/16/2026
During the French and Indian War and later the American Revolution, Native nations chose sides based on their own interests, not colonial ideas like “taxation without representation.” The Catawba fought alongside the Patriots for the entire Revolution, believing alliances might preserve their sovereignty. The Cherokee sided with the British after promises that their lands would be restored and protected from settlers.
Native warfare tactics differed from European military styles. Cherokee and other Indigenous fighters used mobile, guerrilla-style combat, fighting from forests and behind cover rather than in formal battle lines. Colonial militias adopted many of these methods during the Revolution, including tactics used at battles like Battle of Kings Mountain.
Conflict on the frontier became extremely violent. Cherokee attacks targeted settler families living on Native borderlands, while colonial militias retaliated by destroying Cherokee villages, burning crops, and killing civilians. Stories such as the “Hampton Massacre” were later exaggerated and used to portray settlers as innocent victims while ignoring settler encroachment onto Native land. These memories shaped public attitudes for generations.
The war devastated the Cherokee. After militia campaigns destroyed towns and food supplies, many Cherokee surrendered or attempted to assimilate. The Revolution set a pattern for future U.S. expansion: Indigenous peoples were often portrayed as enemies, removed from their land, and forced into unequal treaties.
The Catawba managed to remain on part of their ancestral homeland through alliances and political negotiation, though many treaties were broken. They repeatedly appealed to leaders like George Washington for protection of their land rights, but settlers continued moving onto their territory. Eventually, the Treaty of Nations Ford reduced the Catawba to a small reservation. Today, the Catawba still live on ancestral land in South Carolina and continue preserving and teaching their history and culture.