Cagayan Legal Assistance on Wheels, Inc.

08/10/2026

The 𝘌𝘯 𝘉𝘢𝘯𝘤, during its session on October 7, 2026, approved amendments to the 𝘙𝘶𝘭𝘦𝘴 𝘰𝘧 𝘊𝘰𝘶𝘳𝘵 (A.M. No. 25-03-14-SC) to make it easier for Filipino spouses to prove a foreign divorce when seeking its recognition in Philippine courts.

Under the amendments, which will take effect 15 days after they are posted on the Supreme Court Website, Filipino spouses seeking recognition of a foreign divorce under Article 26(2) of the 𝘍𝘢𝘮𝘪𝘭𝘺 𝘊𝘰𝘥𝘦 will no longer need to prove the applicable foreign law when filing their petition. They will only need to prove that the foreign divorce took place.

The amendments introduce Section 48-A of Rule 39, which presumes that a foreign divorce between a Filipino and a foreign spouse allows the foreign spouse to remarry under foreign law, unless the divorce decree itself states that it is only a limited divorce.

The party opposing the petition now bears the burden of proving that the divorce is not absolute.

The new rule also presumes that an English translation of a foreign divorce document is accurate if the translator certifies its accuracy under oath.

These presumptions are disputable; they may be challenged with contrary evidence, under Section 3 of Rule 131.

The amendments, however, leave the existing legal framework unchanged. A petition for judicial recognition of a foreign divorce is still required, and the substantive requirements of Article 26(2) of the 𝘍𝘢𝘮𝘪𝘭𝘺 𝘊𝘰𝘥𝘦 remain the same.

Recognition of a foreign divorce may still be opposed on grounds such as lack of jurisdiction, lack of notice, fraud, or a clear mistake of law or fact.

The amendments were approved upon the recommendation of Associate Justice Alfredo Benjamin S. Caguioa, and in consultation with Associate Justices Amy C. Lazaro-Javier and Jhosep Y. Lopez, and the Sub-Technical Working Group on the Concerns of Overseas Working Filipinos Regarding the Recognition of Foreign Divorce Decrees/Reports (Sub-TWG).

During consultations with the Sub-TWG, the Department of Foreign Affairs identified several challenges. Foreign family laws are often spread across different jurisdictions, making them difficult to obtain. Some countries have no designated official who can certify these laws, while foreign ministries generally do not provide official English translations.

Through these amendments, the Supreme Court aims to remove unnecessary barriers and make it easier for Filipinos to exercise their rights under the law.

Read the full text of the Press Briefer at https://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/?p=174621.

The full text of the Supreme Court 𝘌𝘯 𝘉𝘢𝘯𝘤 Resolution A.M. No. 25-03-14-SC shall be uploaded to the Supreme Court Website once available.

21/09/2026

16/09/2026

The 𝘌𝘯 𝘉𝘢𝘯𝘤, during its session on August 26, 2026, unanimously declared that Article II, Section 26 of the Constitution requires Congress to enact a law prohibiting political dynasties, holding that Congress’ failure to do so for 39 years constitutes grave abuse of discretion.

The Court directed Congress to comply with its mandatory constitutional duty to enact an anti-political dynasty law at the earliest opportunity, define political dynasties, and determine the scope of the prohibition.

In a Decision penned by Associate Justice Ramon Paul L. Hernando, the Court 𝘌𝘯 𝘉𝘢𝘯𝘤 granted the consolidated petitions in G.R. Nos. 263934, 272370, and 279201 for certiorari and mandamus. The petitions challenged Congress’ prolonged failure to pass a law defining and prohibiting political dynasties.

The Court strongly urged Congress to heed its constitutional duty with utmost urgency, as it declared that the latter has “the MANDATORY CONSTITUTIONAL DUTY to enact the law on the constitutional prohibition against political dynasties as expressly provided for in Article II, Section 26 of the Constitution.”

It stated that the Congress “MUST HENCEFORTH AND WITH UTMOST URGENCY ENACT THE APPROPRIATE ANTI-POLITICAL DYNASTY LAW AT THE EARLIEST OPPORTUNITY.”

Article II, Section 26 of the Constitution provides that “The State shall guarantee equal access to opportunities for public service, and prohibit political dynasties as may be defined by law.”

The Court held that this provision is not merely an aspiration but a constitutional command. The use of the word “shall” makes clear that the State has a mandatory duty both to guarantee equal access to public service and to prohibit political dynasties.

The Court also held that the phrase “as may be defined by law” does not give Congress the choice whether to prohibit political dynasties. Rather, it gives Congress the authority to define what constitutes a political dynasty and determine the scope of the prohibition.

The Court further said that Congress’ prolonged failure to enact an anti-political dynasty law constitutes grave abuse of discretion.

The Court took judicial notice of the numerous anti-political dynasty bills filed but left unacted upon since the ratification of the 1987 Constitution. It also considered studies on the prevalence of political dynasties and their relationship with socioeconomic conditions in the country.

The Court noted that political dynasties have remained widespread and have extended even into the party-list system. Despite changes in the composition of Congress over the years, no comprehensive anti-political dynasty law has been enacted, implying either a lack of interest, avoidance for convenience, or service of self-interest.

Although the Constitution does not set a deadline for Congress to enact the law, the Court held that this does not allow Congress to postpone its constitutional duty indefinitely. The Court found that 39 years is beyond a reasonable period to carry out the constitutional command. Congress’ continued inaction therefore constitutes a continuing violation of its constitutional duty.

Read the full text of the Press Briefer at: https://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/?p=173242.

Read the full text of the Decision at: https://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/?p=173192.

Read Senior Associate Justice Marvic M.V.F. Leonen’s Concurring Opinion at: https://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/?p=173197.

Read Associate Justice Henri Jean Paul B. Inting Concurring Opinion at: https://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/?p=173209.

Read Associate Justice Rodil V. Zalameda’s Separate Opinion at: https://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/?p=173202.

Read Associate Justice Japar B. Dimaampao’s Separate Concurring Opinion at: https://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/?p=173214.

Read Associate Justice Maria Filomena D. Singh’s Separate Opinion at: https://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/?p=173225

Read Associate Justice Raul B. Villanueva’s Separate Concurring Opinion at: https://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/?p=173231.

Copying of this content is subject to the SC PIO’s Credit Attribution Policy: https://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/credit-attribution-policy/.

09/09/2026

The (SC) clarified that the National Commission on Indigenous Peoples (NCIP) has no jurisdiction over a dispute unless both parties involved are indigenous peoples (IP) from the same group.

In a Decision written by Associate Justice Henri Jean Paul B. Inting, the SC’s Third Division dismissed a petition to compel a judge to set aside its decision in an ejectment case against the spouses claiming to be members of the IP community. The spouses had claimed that under Republic Act No. 8371 or the 𝘐𝘯𝘥𝘪𝘨𝘦𝘯𝘰𝘶𝘴 𝘗𝘦𝘰𝘱𝘭𝘦 𝘙𝘪𝘨𝘩𝘵𝘴 𝘈𝘤𝘵 𝘰𝘧 1997 (IPRA), customary laws and practices should govern in resolving disputes involving them.

The case stemmed from an unlawful detainer case filed by Kristoffer R. Co Uy (Co Uy) against Elvin and Jocelyn Sending (the Sendings), seeking to have them vacate a property registered in his name.

The Municipal Circuit Trial Court (MCTC), Regional Trial Court, and the Court of Appeals (CA) all ruled in favor of Co Uy and ordered the Sendings to vacate the property.

After attaining finality, and during the enforcement of the decision, the Sendings questioned the jurisdiction of the MCTC. They claimed that they were members of the IP group 𝘓𝘶𝘮𝘢𝘥 𝘒𝘒𝘒-𝘈𝘭𝘪𝘮𝘢𝘰𝘯𝘨 𝘏𝘪𝘨𝘢𝘰𝘯𝘰𝘯 𝘛𝘳𝘪𝘣𝘦. They asserted, for the first time, that customary laws, traditions, and practices should be used to resolve the property dispute, in accordance with IPRA. Under the IPRA, the NCIP has jurisdiction over disputes involving the rights of IPs.

The spouses brought the case to the SC after their motion to suspend the ex*****on of decision was denied by the MCTC. They argued that the Higaonon Tribe and the Dadantulan Tribal Court, not the MCTC, should have jurisdiction over their case.

The SC disagreed and clarified that under Section 66 of IPRA, the NCIP has jurisdiction over disputes involving IP rights only when all parties belong to the same indigenous group. If any party is not a member of the same IP community, jurisdiction belongs to the regular courts.

Here, Co Uy was not a member of any indigenous group. The SC explained that subjecting him to the customary laws of an IP community violates the fundamental principles of fair play and due process.

The SC also noted that the Sendings simply claimed they were IPs but failed to provide supporting evidence. They did not explain their customs, political structures, institutions, decision-making processes, or any other proof showing they were truly members of an IP community.

The SC stressed that a final judgment cannot be easily set aside, especially when the parties were given opportunity to present their side, and the decision was reached after careful review of the case.

The SC found that the petitioners invoked the NCIP’s authority simply to avoid the ex*****on of the final judgment against them. They raised their claim of being IP members only during the ex*****on stage, despite having participated in the barangay proceedings and the courts, casting doubt on the credibility of their claim.

The SC ordered the spouses to vacate the subject property within 30 days from receipt of the Decision.

Read the full text of the press release at https://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/?p=172796

Read the full text of the Decision at https://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/271354-spouses-elvin-sending-datu-gibo-and-jocelyn-sending-bae-orange-vs-kristopper-rahda-co-uy-atty-jocelyn-pesquera-henry-p-canete-jr-and-hon-ameli-amor-r-estrada-presiding-judge-of-t/

Read the Concurring Opinion of Associate Justice Alfredo Benjamin S. Caguioa at https://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/271354-concurring-opinion-justice-alfredo-benjamin-s-caguioa/

Copying of this content is subject to the SC PIO’s Credit Attribution Policy: https://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/credit-attribution

17/08/2026

The has acquitted a woman of bigamy, ruling that a prior marriage that was void from the beginning (𝘷𝘰𝘪𝘥 𝘢𝘣 𝘪𝘯𝘪𝘵𝘪𝘰) may be raised as a defense even without a prior judicial declaration of nullity.

In a Decision penned by Associate Justice Alfredo Benjamin S. Caguioa, the SC’s Third Division reversed the ruling of the Regional Trial Court (RTC) Pampanga and the Court of Appeals (CA), which had found Ma. Fe Imelda Lapira guilty of bigamy.

Lapira faced a bigamy charge under Article 349 of the 𝘙𝘦𝘷𝘪𝘴𝘦𝘥 𝘗𝘦𝘯𝘢𝘭 𝘊𝘰𝘥𝘦 for marrying Jimmy Fariscal while still married to Takahiko Sato as evidenced by a marriage certificate from the Office of the Civil Registrar General.

During trial, Lapira argued that her marriage to Sato was void because no ceremony took place and no marriage license had been issued, both of which were required for validity. The Local Civil Registrar confirmed that there was no record of the application for a marriage license for Lapira and Sato.

In acquitting Lapira, the SC applied its ruling in the 2021 case of 𝘗𝘶𝘭𝘪𝘥𝘰 𝘷. 𝘗𝘦𝘰𝘱𝘭𝘦, which held that an accused in a bigamy case may directly argue that a previous marriage is void as a defense, even without a prior court declaration.

The SC explained that one of the essential elements of bigamy is the existence of a valid prior marriage. If the first marriage was void from the beginning, that element is absent.

In this case, the certification from the Local Civil Registrar sufficiently proved that no marriage license was issued to Lapira and Sato. This certification was enough to counter the presumption of the marriage certificate’s validity.

Read the full text of the Press Release at https://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/?p=171178.

Read the full text of the Decision at https://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/?p=165698.

Copying of this content is subject to the SC PIO’s Credit Attribution Policy: https://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/credit-attributionon-policy.

16/07/2026

Nagpasya ang na kung ang karahasang sikolohikal (psychological violence) ay ginawa sa pamamagitan ng Facebook, maaari itong ituring na paggamit ng information and communications technology (ICT). Dahil dito, puwedeng patawan ang gumawa nito ng mas mabigat na parusa alinsunod sa Seksyon 6 ng RA 10175 o Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2012.

Sa isang Resolusyon na isinulat ni Kasangguning Mahistrado Ramon Paul L. Hernando, binago nang bahagya ngunit pinagtibay ng Unang Dibisyon ng Korte Suprema ang nauna nitong Desisyon noong Oktubre 22, 2025. Sa naturang desisyon, pinanatili ang hatol na nagkasala ang isang indibidwal (###) dahil sa paggawa ng karahasang sikolohikal laban sa dati niyang kasintahan (AAA) sa ilalim ng Seksyon 5(i) ng Republic Act (RA) No. 9262, o ang Anti-Violence Against Women and Their Children Act of 2004 (Anti-VAWC Act), matapos siyang mag-post ng mga mapanirang pahayag tungkol kay AAA sa Facebook.

Gayunman, nagpasya ang Korte Suprema na itaas ng isang antas ang parusa dahil ang paglabag ay ginawa sa pamamagitan ng Facebook, na malinaw na nakasaad sa sakdal at napatunayan sa paglilitis.

Nagsampa si AAA ng kasong VAWC laban sa dati niyang kasintahan na si ### matapos siyang mag-post sa Facebook ng pahayag kung saan tinawag niya si AAA na maruming babae at hayop, at nagbanta siyang susuntukin kapag nakita niya ito. Inulit pa ni ### ang mga panlalait sa mga komento sa naturang post na maaaring mabasa ng publiko.

Habang dinidinig ang kaso, iniharap ni AAA ang mga screenshot ng post sa Facebook at sinabi niyang siya ang gumawa ng account para kay ### kung saan nai-post ang naturang pahayag. Pinatunayan naman ng dalawa niyang kapatid na kay ### ang account at nakatanggap sila ng mga mensahe mula sa kanya gamit ang parehong account.

Sa kabila ng pagtanggi ni ###, pinagtibay ng Korte Suprema, sa desisyong inilabas nito, ang mga naging pasya ng Family Court at Court of Appeals (CA) na naghatol na nagkasala si ###. Binigyang-diin ng Korte Suprema na sa mga kasong kriminal, kailangang mapatunayan ng prosekusyon hindi lamang ang mga elemento ng krimen kundi pati ang pagkakakilanlan ng gumawa nito. Pinagtibay din ng Korte Suprema ang parusang ipinataw ng CA kay ###, na kinabibilangan ng pagkakakulong mula anim na buwan at isang araw hanggang walong taon at isang araw, multang PHP 100,000, at pagsailalim sa psychological counselling o psychiatric treatment.

Sa pagresolba sa Motion for Reconsideration ni ###, sinabi ng Korte Suprema na napatunayang si ### ang gumawa ng post sa Facebook nang lampas sa makatwirang pagdududa (beyond reasonable doubt), batay sa mga pamantayang itinakda nito sa nauna nitong desisyon:

1. Pag-amin sa pagmamay-ari ng account o sa paggawa ng naturang post;
2. Pagkakaroon ng patunay na nakita ang akusado na gumagamit ng account o nagsulat ng naturang post;
3. Paglalaman ng impormasyon na tanging ang nagkasala o iilang tao lamang ang nakaaalam;
4. Paggamit ng mga salita o pananalitang naaayon sa karaniwang paraan ng pagpapahayag ng nagkasala;
5. Mga tala mula sa internet service provider, kumpanya ng telekomunikasyon, o social media site, pati na ang resulta ng pagsusuri sa mga digital device na nagpapakita ng lokasyon at iba pang katangiang nag-uugnay sa account sa nagkasala;
6. Mga kilos o gawain na naaayon sa mga nauna niyang post; o
7. Iba pang mga pangyayaring nagpapakita ng pagmamay-ari, paggamit, o paggawa ng account o post.

Dahil napatunayan na si ### ang gumawa ng post sa Facebook at natugunan ang lahat ng kinakailangang elemento ng karahasang sikolohikal, sinabi ng Korte Suprema na naaangkop ang Seksyon 6 ng Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2012. Itinatakda ng probisyong ito ang pagpapataw ng mas mabigat na parusa sa mga krimen at paglabag na ginawa gamit ang ICT. Mas mabigat ang parusa dahil maaaring magamit ang ICT para makaiwas ang mga nagkasala sa pananagutan, makapinsala sa mas maraming tao, o magdulot ng mas malaking pinsala.

Batay sa kahulugan ng ICT, sinabi ng Korte na ang mga social media platform tulad ng Facebook ay maituturing na ICT systems dahil pinapayagan ng mga ito ang mga gumagamit na lumikha, magpadala, tumanggap, mag-imbak, at magproseso ng mga datos na elektronikong mensahe gamit ang mga kompyuter, mobile phone, o iba pang katulad na kagamitang elektroniko.

Sa kasong ito, nakasaad sa sakdal na ginawa ni ### ang post sa Facebook gamit ang kanyang “Facebook Messenger Account… na maaaring makita ng sinuman (set to public view).” Ayon sa Korte Suprema, sapat na ang pahayag na ito para ipakitang ginamit ang ICT bilang isang nagpapabigat na sirkumstansya. Bagaman hindi tahasang nabanggit ang terminong “ICT,” malinaw pa ring ipinaalam sa sakdal kay ### na siya ay inaakusahan ng paggawa ng karahasang sikolohikal laban kay AAA sa pamamagitan ng Facebook, na kabilang sa saklaw ng isang ICT system.

Napatunayan ng prosekusyon ang nasabing pahayag sa paglilitis.

Dahil dito, itinaas ng Korte ng isang antas ang parusa mula sa pagkakakulong na anim na buwan at isang araw hanggang walong taon at isang araw, tungo sa pagkakakulong na anim na taon at isang araw hanggang 14 na taon, walong buwan, at isang araw. Nanatili naman ang multang PHP 100,000. Inatasan din si ### na sumailalim sa psychological counselling o psychiatric treatment.

Basahin ang buong press release sa https://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/?p=168987

Basahin ang buong kopya ng Desisyon sa https://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/?p=168968

Sumunod sa Credit Attribution Policy ng SC PIO: https://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/credit-attribution-policy/

15/06/2026

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14/05/2026

May 14, 2026 | IBP Statement on the Reported Shooting at the Philippine Senate

01/05/2026

𝗚𝗼𝗼𝗱 𝗡𝗲𝘄𝘀 𝗽𝗮𝗿𝗮 𝘀𝗮 𝗔𝘁𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗺𝗴𝗮 𝗕𝗮𝗴𝗼𝗻𝗴 𝗕𝗮𝘆𝗮𝗻𝗶!

Through CSC Resolution No. 2600596 dated 30 April 2026, the Civil Service Commission grants the Overseas Filipino Workers–Preference Rating (OFW-PR) to qualified OFWs based on length of overseas work or foreign employment and work performance.

Starting with the 9 August 2026 Civil Service Examination, qualified OFWs who obtain a general rating of not lower than 70.00 may be granted additional civil service exam points, subject to CSC guidelines.

𝗪𝗵𝗼 𝗰𝗮𝗻 𝗮𝗽𝗽𝗹𝘆?
• OFW who has been engaged, is engaged or to be engaged in renumerated activity abroad, regardless of country of destination, nature of work, salary level or employment status.
• OFW who has been contracted for overseas employment but has yet to leave the Philippines

𝗕𝗮𝘀𝗶𝗰 𝗾𝘂𝗮𝗹𝗶𝗳𝗶𝗰𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻𝘀:
• Must have rendered an aggregate of at least five years of overseas employment from 1 January 2000 up to the date of application, whether continuous or intermittent; and
• Must have applied and taken the scheduled CSE beginning 9 August 2026 and thereafter, whether through pen-and-paper or other modes, and obtained a failed general rating of not lower than 70.

This initiative recognizes the professionalism, dedication, and sacrifices of our OFWs and opens another pathway for them to continue serving the nation as Lingkod Bayani.

𝗠𝘂𝗹𝗮 𝘀𝗮 𝗽𝗮𝗴𝘀𝗮𝘀𝗮𝗸𝗿𝗶𝗽𝗶𝘀𝘆𝗼 𝘀𝗮 𝗶𝗯𝗮𝘆𝗼𝗻𝗴-𝗱𝗮𝗴𝗮𝘁, 𝘁𝘂𝗹𝗼𝘆 𝗮𝗻𝗴 𝗽𝗮𝗴𝗹𝗶𝗹𝗶𝗻𝗴𝗸𝗼𝗱 𝗻𝗮 𝗺𝗮𝘆 𝗣𝘂𝘀𝗼, 𝗗𝗮𝗻𝗴𝗮𝗹, 𝗮𝘁 𝗚𝗮𝗹𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗽𝗮𝗿𝗮 𝘀𝗮 𝗕𝗮𝘆𝗮𝗻.

01/05/2026

The Integrated Bar of the Philippines joins the nation in honoring the strength, dignity, and perseverance of Filipino workers this Labor Day. Their dedication continues to shape our country’s progress and inspires our collective pursuit of justice, equity, and a future where every worker’s rights are upheld.