08/10/2026
What role does political leadership play in the quality and resilience of democracy?
The Workshop on Democratic Leadership in Southeast Asia, organised by the Taiwan Foundation for Democracy and Taiwan Journal of Democracy, and hosted by Penang Institute, brought together scholars to examine this question comparatively.
Conceived by Tun-jen Cheng of William & Mary and the editor of Taiwan Journal of Democracy, the workshop responds to an important gap in the study of democracy: institutions, electoral systems and political parties matter, but leadership also shapes how democratic systems function.
Da-Chi Liao, President of the Taiwan Foundation for Democracy, spoke about the significance of the workshop, while Dato’ Dr Ooi Kee Beng, Executive Director of Penang Institute welcomed participants.
The discussions examined different forms of political leadership across the region, including toxic-dynastic in the Philippines, meritocratic democracy in Singapore, democratic erosion in Indonesia, 'two licenses' to rule in Thailand after the Coup d'état, and typology of political leadership in Southeast Asia.
The comparative and in-depth discussions offered valuable perspectives on both the difficulties and possibilities of sustaining democracy in Southeast Asia.
The following papers were presented at the workshop:
1. Why Toxic Leaders Thrive but Fail to Consolidate: Dynastic Democracy, Performative Populism, and Democratic Resilience in the Philippines by Aries Arugay, University of the Philippines, Diliman
2. Performance, Proximity, and the Popular Foundations of Democratic Erosion in Indonesia by Burhanuddin Muhtadi, Rizki Rahmadian and M. Adam Kamil - State Islamic University, Jakarta
3. Political Leadership in a Meritocratic Democracy: Lessons from Singapore - Tan Lee Ooi, Penang Institute
4. The Nature of Leadership in Malaysia: Ethnocentrism, Federalism, and the Issue of a Deep State by Dato' Dr Ooi Kee Beng, Penang Institute
5. Leadership by Permission: The Making of Political Leadership in Thailand after the 2014 Coup by Purawich Watanasukh, Thammasat University
6. Political Leadership in Southeast Asia: Divergence and Variety by Meredith Weiss, State University of New York, Albany