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Blue Europe

Blue Europe a think tank about the links between Western, Central and Eastern Europe.

20/10/2025

The Banjska attack of September 2023 revealed not only deep Kosovo–Serbia tensions but also how media framing shapes public perception. A corpus-based study shows Albanian outlets largely framed the assault as terrorism, Serbian media used neutral or ambiguous terms, while international coverage echoed official statements. These differences reflect political alignments and cultural narratives. The research underscores the power of discourse – journalism can either deepen divides or foster reconciliation in fragile post-conflict societies.

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Written by: Fiona Panduri, University of Prishtina Abstract This study investigates the media framing and ideological representation of the Banjska Attack

17/10/2025

Eastern Europe’s energy debate is often framed through the Černobyl’ disaster, yet the push for renewables and sustainability predates 1986. EU archives show the concepts of “renewable energy” and “energy transition” emerging from the 1981 UN Nairobi Conference, later reinforced by the 1992 Earth Summit and the Maastricht Treaty. While Černobyl’ accelerated anti-nuclear sentiment, Europe’s energy policy roots lie deeper – and Eastern Europe’s fuller engagement with renewables is a more recent dynamic.

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Written by: Concetta Formisano, Università Federico II Napoli. Since the 1980s, the debate on sustainability, renewable sources of energy and energy trans

13/10/2025

The Baltic States face persistent Russian interference targeting elections through cyberattacks, disinformation and manipulation of ethnic identities. Since the 2007 cyber attack on Estonia, the Kremlin has refined hybrid and cognitive warfare – shifting from centralised propaganda to decentralised disinformation networks. In the 2023–2024 election cycles, these tactics intensified, aiming less to persuade than to confuse and divide.

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Written by: Iryna Matsiuk, Lviv Polytechnic National University 1. Introduction The “Baltic States” – Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania – represent a fro

10/10/2025

Artificial intelligence is reshaping Europe’s economy, yet Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) faces distinct challenges. EU legislation – from the AI Act to the Data Act – aims to balance innovation with safeguards, but uneven digitalisation and high costs slow adoption in parts of CEE. Businesses cite a lack of expertise as a major barrier, while generative AI is rapidly transforming global markets. For the region, the question is whether regulation and capacity can keep pace with technological change.

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Written by: Gabriella Tárnok - PhD Doctoral School of Law at ELTE University Abstract This paper focuses on the position of AI (artificial intelligence) tech

06/10/2025

Romania sits at the crossroads of Central Europe, the Balkans and the Black Sea – a frontier shaping its ambitions and constraints. Hosting NATO assets such as the Deveselu missile defence system and controlling over 30% of the Danube, Romania is pivotal for European security and trade. Yet structural fragilities and governance challenges limit its potential as a regional hub. Bucharest’s role on the EU’s south-eastern flank will depend on balancing ambition with institutional reform and resilience.

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1. Introduction Romania occupies a unique position within the broader South-Eastern European region, both geographically and culturally. It stands at the inter

03/10/2025

Kosovo’s northern municipalities remain the focal point of ethnic tension. Though Serbs make up only 3.3% of the population, over 60% live in the north, where Belgrade maintains influence through parallel institutions – funding schools, clinics, and public jobs outside Kosovo’s legal framework. This weakens integration efforts and sustains dependence on Serbia. Political pressure via the Srpska Lista further limits independent voices, while new actors like Nenad Rašić highlight both risks and opportunities for fragile integration.

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By Francesco Cortese (LinkedIn). Cover image: Kosovo ethnic Serbs take part in the traditional Epiphany swimming competition in the lake of Gazivoda (Valdrin

29/09/2025

Estonia has become the first country in the world to establish a data embassy, hosted in Luxembourg. Created after the 2007 cyber attack that paralysed Estonian institutions for 22 days, the embassy ensures continuity of government services by storing critical state data abroad. Backed by the EU, covering 85% of the €2.2 million cost, this initiative strengthens digital sovereignty and resilience – offering a model for other Member States seeking to secure their information infrastructure.

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By Emma Savouroux 1. Introduction: Estonia, a 'digital state' Estonia, a small country with a population of 1.3 million, decided as soon as it became indepe

26/09/2025

Serbia continues to navigate between European integration and nationalist mobilisation. Since Kosovo’s 2008 independence, Belgrade has upheld strategic ambiguity – engaging with the EU while refusing recognition of Pristina. EU accession remains distant, eroding public enthusiasm, while domestic politics exploit the Kosovo issue for legitimacy. Popular protests, from the 1980s to today, reveal enduring tensions between reformist demands and entrenched power structures. This duality defines Serbia’s role in the post-Yugoslav and European space.

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By Christian Costamagna, Ph.D. (LinkedIn), and Marco Uncini. 1. Introduction: The proclamation of Kosovo's independence in 2008 and political dynamics in the

26/09/2025

The Three Seas Initiative (3SI) is strengthening its soft power after the 2025 Lublin Congress. New projects include the Three Seas Tourism Network, launched by Poland and Bulgaria to promote joint regional tourism, and the expansion of the Regions Network, now with 28 members including Moldova. These initiatives highlight how 3SI cooperation is evolving beyond infrastructure – linking culture, local governance, and connectivity to build a cohesive regional identity.

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On 12-13 March 2025, the fifth edition of the 3Seas Local Government Congress and Economic Forum was held. With an attendance of 1,500 people from 29 countries,

22/09/2025

The Western Balkans are balancing between EU and Chinese financial influence. While the EU dominates grants (≈0.8% of regional GDP annually), China nearly matches EU loans with 1.2% of GDP, compared to 1.5% from the EU – and already surpasses the EU in Serbia. EU loans bring transparency but strict conditions; Chinese financing is faster and more flexible, yet raises concerns on corruption, project quality, and labour rights. These dynamics shape the region’s path between European integration and external leverage.

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In a rapidly evolving geopolitical landscape, the Western Balkans have emerged as a focal point of strategic interest for both the European Union and China. A r

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