07/10/2026
[The Cycle of Mass Persecution: Stigma, Mobilization, and Disregard for Human Rights]
In cases of mob violence across Indonesia—such as the 2011 Cikeusik attack against members of Jemaat Ahmadiyah Indonesia that resulted in three fatalities, and the 2020 killing of Mira, a transgender woman in Cilincing—minority groups have repeatedly faced severe vigilantism driven by collective prejudice. These incidents highlight a recurring five-stage pattern of persecution: beginning with stigma, progressing to harassment, mobilization, physical violence, and ultimate social exclusion. When civilians take the law into their own hands, rumors and collective anger immediately replace formal investigation, evidence examination, and due process, stripping vulnerable individuals of any opportunity to defend themselves against wrongful accusations. This structural failure underscores the critical tension between social prejudice and the state's constitutional obligation to guarantee equal legal protection for all citizens regardless of their identity. Under the 1945 Constitution and Law No. 39 of 1999 on Human Rights, the Indonesian government is legally obligated to protect citizens from discrimination, assault, and extrajudicial violence. However, findings by Komnas HAM and human rights organizations reveal that when state enforcement is weak or uneven, a dangerous gap opens where mob rule replaces judicial institutions, fostering a culture of impunity. The consequences extend far beyond individual
victims, spreading psychological trauma and collective fear across entire minority communities. Ultimately, the persistence of unpunished vigilantism serves as a case study for the breakdown of the rule of law, proving that a society governed by law does not require public consensus, but demands that disagreements remain within legal boundaries and that state protection extends equally to the most vulnerable and unpopular groups.
MCS FH UNPAD
Driven to Believe,
Striving to Achive.
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