Science hub by Stefan Meyer

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Imagine carrying an arrow around the surface of a sphere, carefully keeping it from turning as you move. Surprisingly, w...
31/10/2026

Imagine carrying an arrow around the surface of a sphere, carefully keeping it from turning as you move. Surprisingly, when you return to where you started, the arrow may point in a completely different direction.

This is a consequence of curved geometry known as parallel transport. In this visualization, a vector travels along a triangular path on a sphere. Although its direction is kept locally parallel throughout the journey, the curvature of the surface causes its final orientation to differ from its initial one. The amount of rotation depends on the area enclosed by the path and the sphere's curvature.

This simple geometric effect reveals something fundamental about curved space. Even without directly measuring its shape, we can detect curvature by transporting a direction around a closed loop and observing how it changes.

Is string theory dead?After more than 40 years it still has no confirmed prediction, and physicists argue about it harde...
31/10/2026

Is string theory dead?

After more than 40 years it still has no confirmed prediction, and physicists argue about it harder than ever.

Here is the honest answer:

Richard Feynman introduced these diagrams in 1948 as bookkeeping for quantum electrodynamics. Each picture stands for an...
23/10/2026

Richard Feynman introduced these diagrams in 1948 as bookkeeping for quantum electrodynamics. Each picture stands for an integral. Lines are particles, vertices are interactions, and time runs left to right. An arrow pointing against the flow of time is an antiparticle, which is how the e+ line in the annihilation graph is drawn.

The number of vertices sets the size. Each photon vertex multiplies the amplitude by about the square root of 1/137, which is 0.085, so diagrams with more vertices matter less and the calculation converges. The electron g minus 2 calculation sums 12,672 diagrams at tenth order, and it matches experiment to about ten digits.

Annihilation shows a calculable result. The cross section for an electron and positron to make a muon pair is 4 pi alpha squared over 3 s, which works out to 0.87 nanobarns at 10 GeV and falls as one over the energy squared. The strong force differs because gluons carry colour, so a gluon can attach to another gluon, and that is why quarks are never found alone.

On duty for science… Europe needs a reusable rocket system 💫✨
23/10/2026

On duty for science… Europe needs a reusable rocket system 💫✨

The quantum harmonic oscillator has a strange rule: even at absolute zero, its energy cannot vanish.In 1926, Erwin Schrö...
22/10/2026

The quantum harmonic oscillator has a strange rule: even at absolute zero, its energy cannot vanish.

In 1926, Erwin Schrödinger showed how quantum mechanics describes this simple system. Its energy levels follow Eₙ = ħω(n + 1/2), meaning even the lowest state retains half a quantum of energy. This is called zero point energy.

The same mathematical model helps physicists understand molecular vibrations, superconducting circuits, and the quantum systems used in quantum computing.

Scientists have long known that the cosmos contains natural particle accelerators, which fire out particles with energie...
06/10/2026

Scientists have long known that the cosmos contains natural particle accelerators, which fire out particles with energies up a million times more than can be achieved in laboratories on Earth. Much about these sources is mysterious: what are they, where are they, and what are the main processes inside them?

Neutrinos with extremely high energies are created in the same environments as other types of particles. However, unlike other particles, neutrinos reach us without changing direction or losing energy. This means they can provide information that is not available in any other way.

Newly awarded physics laureate Francis Halzen first presented his vision for capturing neutrinos at the South Pole in 1988. When a neutrino collides with an atomic nucleus, it produces a flash of light that can be tracked by sensors in the clear glacial ice. The South Pole’s ice has many advantages, as it is free from various types of interference and the area is geologically stable, with no earthquakes. Halzen and his idea soon gained the support of other researchers and, just a few years later, preliminary testing was conducted on sensors in ice.

ALBERT EINSTEIN CALLED IT "SPOOKY ACTION AT A DISTANCE"IN 2022, IT WON THE NOBEL PRIZEAlbert Einstein could never quite ...
19/09/2026

ALBERT EINSTEIN CALLED IT "SPOOKY ACTION AT A DISTANCE"
IN 2022, IT WON THE NOBEL PRIZE

Albert Einstein could never quite come to terms with this consequence of quantum mechanics.

We are talking about quantum entanglement: two quantum systems can be linked in such a way that their measurement results show stronger correlations than classical physics—with its local "hidden variables"—would allow, even across vast distances.

Consequently, in 1935, Einstein, Boris Podolsky, and Nathan Rosen hypothesized that quantum mechanics might be incomplete and that hidden properties could lie behind the observed results.

However, in 1964, John Bell demonstrated mathematically that this idea could be tested experimentally.

Subsequent experiments—including those by John Clauser, Alain Aspect, and Anton Zeilinger—violated Bell's inequalities in exactly the way predicted by quantum mechanics.

For this work, Alain Aspect, John Clauser, and Anton Zeilinger were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2022.

The crucial point:

Entanglement has been robustly confirmed by experiments. However, it does not allow for the controlled transmission of information faster than the speed of light. Thus, Einstein's theory of relativity is not simply overturned.

And yet, one of the deepest questions in modern physics remains:

What happens when you fall toward a black hole?From your perspective, you cross the event horizon in finite proper time....
18/09/2026

What happens when you fall toward a black hole?

From your perspective, you cross the event horizon in finite proper time. From far away, your signals become increasingly delayed and redshifted, making you appear to slow and fade near the horizon.

An electron in hydrogen cannot take just any energy. It occupies specific energy levels, and when it drops from a higher...
21/08/2026

An electron in hydrogen cannot take just any energy. It occupies specific energy levels, and when it drops from a higher level to a lower one, the lost energy leaves as a photon.

The wavelength of that photon depends on the two levels involved.

Drops to n = 1 produce ultraviolet light, n = 2 produce visible Balmer lines, and n = 3 produce infrared Paschen lines.

That is why hydrogen does not emit a continuous rainbow, but a precise set of spectral lines.

What makes quantum superposition so strange is not that nature “chooses” between possibilities only when we look. It is ...
05/08/2026

What makes quantum superposition so strange is not that nature “chooses” between possibilities only when we look. It is that before measurement, the alternatives can still carry a definite phase relationship with one another. That phase is physically consequential: it determines how amplitudes combine, producing interference that has no classical analogue.

In quantum mechanics, possibility can evolve, interfere, and leave measurable consequences.

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