06/21/2026
Emily Stowe decided she wanted to be a doctor at a time when Canadian medical schools did not admit women. This did not stop her. Born in 1831 in Norwich, Upper Canada, Stowe was educated as a teacher, became the first female principal of a public school in Canada, and then decided she wanted to study medicine. She applied to the University of Toronto medical school in 1865. She was refused. The university did not admit women. Stowe enrolled instead at the New York Medical College for Women in New York City, one of the few medical schools in North America that accepted female students. She studied while her husband August was ill and while raising three children, graduated in 1867, and returned to Toronto to begin practising medicine. The College of Physicians and Surgeons of Ontario, the body that controlled medical licensing in the province, declined to grant her a licence. The licensing board required applicants to have attended lectures at a Canadian medical school, and since no Canadian medical school had accepted her, she was trapped in a circular problem of their own making. Stowe practised medicine without an Ontario licence for more than a decade, treating the patients who came to her, mostly women and families who could not access or did not want to see a male physician. The authorities were aware of her practice. There was a brief prosecution that was eventually dropped. She continued. She was finally granted a full Ontario medical licence in 1880, thirteen years after earning her medical degree in New York. Her daughter Jennie Trout received her Ontario licence the same year, making the Stowe family responsible for the first and second licensed female physicians in Ontario.