English Language Club of History Department - ELCHD

01/11/2024

28/12/2023

Title: The Lumière Brothers and the Birth of Cinema: A Glimpse into 1895

In the twilight of the 19th century, the Lumière brothers, Auguste and Louis, etched their names into history by hosting the first commercial screening of films. This momentous event took place in Paris in 1895 and is widely recognized as the birth of cinema, forever altering the landscape of entertainment.

The Lumière brothers, inventors and pioneers in the realm of motion pictures, presented their groundbreaking creation to a captivated audience on December 28, 1895. The venue was the Grand Café on the Boulevard des Capucines, a setting that would witness the dawning of a new era in visual storytelling.

The screening featured a series of short films, each lasting only a minute or so. Among the iconic titles showcased were "Workers Leaving the Lumière Factory," "The Arrival of a Train at La Ciotat," and "The Waterer Watered." These films, though seemingly simple by today's standards, were revolutionary at the time. Audiences were enthralled by the moving images, experiencing a form of entertainment never before seen.

One can only imagine the sense of wonder and awe that permeated the Grand Café as spectators witnessed these moving pictures flickering on the screen. The Lumière brothers had successfully harnessed the magic of cinema, forever changing the way stories were told and shared.

What set this screening apart was its commercial nature. Unlike previous demonstrations of motion picture devices, the Lumière brothers charged admission for attendees to experience their cinematic marvel. This decision marked the transition of cinema from a scientific curiosity to a viable and lucrative form of entertainment.

The Lumière brothers' pioneering efforts extended beyond the technical aspects of filmmaking. They played a crucial role in shaping the language of cinema, influencing filmmakers and storytellers for generations to come. Their approach to capturing everyday scenes and moments laid the foundation for narrative filmmaking, as filmmakers began to recognize the potential of the medium to convey stories and evoke emotions.

The screening in 1895 was not merely an isolated event but a catalyst that sparked the rapid evolution of cinema. Soon, theaters dedicated exclusively to motion pictures emerged, and filmmakers around the world embraced the medium's potential for artistic expression and storytelling.

As we reflect on the Lumière brothers' historic screening in 1895, we celebrate not only the birth of cinema but the beginning of a cultural phenomenon that continues to captivate audiences worldwide. Their pioneering spirit and innovation set the stage for an industry that has grown into a global powerhouse, shaping our collective imagination and providing a lens through which we view the world.

01/12/2023

Photography and Videography Competition, 2023!

Dear Students of History Department, 'Itihas Bitarka Sabha' and English Language Club of History Department jointly organized 2 online events:

1. Photography contest,
2. Videography Contest.

You can win the best photographer and videographer award by participating in any photography or videography contest related to Dhaka University campus.

Rules:
1. Must be a student of History Department of Dhaka University.
2. Images/videos cannot be edited acutely.
3. Photo/Video should be posted on the official Facebook group of Itihas Bitarka Sabdha and English Language Club of History Department.
4. One can post maximum 1 picture and 1 video in a group.
5. One can participate in only 2 groups of competitions. But the same photography and videography cannot be posted in 2 groups.
6. The following hashtags must be used.

Posting not complying with the above rules will be considered void.

How to post:

1. The following hashtags should be used at the beginning of the post
&ELCHD_photography_and_videography_contest_season_2023

2. Posts must have a caption of no more than 100 words.

3. Name, Session, Image/Video capture device name, Editing software used, if any.

Number Distribution:
60 percent marks will be considered on react and comments. The remaining 40 percent will be in the hands of video or photo, captions and expert judges.

Award:
A total of 10 winners from 2 clubs will be awarded in both videography and photography categories among the participants in the competition.

Deadline: December 10, 2023.
So, why late? Post your content as fast as possible without delay.

বাংলা অনুবাদ:
ফটোগ্রাফি ও ভিডিওগ্রাফি প্রতিযোগিতা
প্রিয় ইতিহাস বিভাগের শিক্ষার্থীগণ , ইতিহাস বিতর্ক সভা ও English Language Club of History Department এর পক্ষ থেকে যৌথভাবে অনলাইনে ২ টি ইভেন্টের আয়োজন করা হয়েছে । যথা:
১. ফটোগ্রাফি কনটেস্ট,
২. ভিডিওগ্রাফি কনটেস্ট।

ঢাকা বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় ক্যাম্পাস সম্পর্কিত যেকোনো ফটোগ্রাফি বা ভিডিওগ্রাফির মাধ্যমে কনটেস্টে অংশ নেওয়ার মাধ্যমে জিতে নিতে পারেন সেরা ফটোগ্রাফারের এবং ভিডিওগ্রাফারের পুরস্কার।

নিয়মাবলী:
১. ঢাকা বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ের ইতিহাস বিভাগের শিক্ষার্থী হতে হবে।
২. ছবি/ ভিডিও অতিরিক্ত এডিট করা যাবে না।
৩. ছবি/ভিডিও ইতিহাস বিতর্ক সভা' ও 'Enoki Language Club of History Department' এর অফিসিয়াল 'ফেইসবুক গ্রুপে এ পোস্ট করতে হবে।
৪. একজন, একটি গ্রুপে সর্বোচ্চ ১ টি করে ছবি এবং ১ টি ভিডিও পোস্ট করতে পারবেন।
৫. একজন ২ টি গ্রুপের প্রতিযোগিতায়ই অংশ নিতে পারবে। তবে সেম ফটোগ্রাফি ও ভিডিওগ্রাফি ২ গ্রুপে পোস্ট করা যাবে না।
৬. নিম্নলিখিত হ্যাসট্যাগ ব্যবহার করতে হবে।

উপর্যুক্ত নিয়ম মেনে পোস্ট করা না হলে তা বাতিল বলে বিবেচিত হবে।

পোস্ট করবেন যেভাবে:

১. পোস্টের শুরুতে নিম্নোক্ত হ্যাসট্যাগ ব্যবহার করতে হবে
&ELCHD_photography_and_videography_contest_season_2023

২. পোস্টে অনধিক ১০০ শব্দের ক্যাপশন থাকতে হবে।
৩. নাম, সেশন , ছবি/ভিডিও ধারণের ডিভাইসের নাম, কোন এডিটিং সফটওয়্যার ব্যবহার করে থাকলে তা উল্লেখ করতে হবে।

নম্বর বন্টন:
৬০ শতাংশ নম্বর রিয়েক্ট এবং কমেন্ট এর ওপর বিবেচনা করা হবে। বাকি ৪০ শতাংশ ভিডিও কিংবা ফটো, ক্যাপশন এবং বিজ্ঞ বিচারকদের হাতে থাকবে।

পুরস্কার:
প্রতিযোগিতায় অংশগ্রহণকারীদের মধ্যে ভিডিওগ্রাফি এবং ফটোগ্রাফি উভয় ক্যাটাগরি থেকে ২ টি ক্লাব থেকে প্রথম ৫ জন করে মোট ১০ জনকে পুরস্কৃত করা হবে।

ডেডলাইন: ১০ ডিসেম্বর , ২০২৩।
তো, আর দেরী কেন? দেরী না করে খুব দ্রুত পোস্ট করুন আপনার কন্টেন্ট।

03/11/2023

Pinterest: A Visual Discovery and Social Media Platform

In the ever-evolving landscape of social media, Pinterest stands out as a unique platform that prioritizes visual content and personal discovery. Launched in 2010, Pinterest has gained immense popularity over the years, becoming more than just a digital pinboard. It has transformed into a hub for inspiration, creativity, and community interaction.

What is Pinterest?

Pinterest is a social media platform that revolves around the concept of "pins" and "boards." Users can create virtual boards and pin images, videos, and links to them. These pins can represent anything from recipes and fashion ideas to travel destinations and DIY projects. The platform's primary focus is on sharing and discovering ideas in a visually appealing and organized manner.

**Visual Discovery**

One of Pinterest's standout features is its emphasis on visual discovery. Users can browse through an endless stream of images, all organized into categories or themes. Whether you're planning a home renovation, looking for fashion inspiration, or seeking recipes for a special meal, Pinterest offers a treasure trove of ideas through its image-based search.

Pinterest's algorithm is designed to learn user preferences over time, delivering personalized content based on what you've pinned, liked, or searched for. This results in a tailored and immersive experience, where you can continuously stumble upon new and exciting content.

**Creative Inspiration**

Pinterest is not just a platform for discovering ideas; it's also a place to foster your creativity. Whether you're an artist, a designer, or just someone looking for inspiration, Pinterest provides a wealth of visuals to spark your imagination. Users can create mood boards for design projects, gather recipes for a culinary adventure, or explore travel destinations for their next vacation. It serves as a canvas for personal expression and the sharing of creative visions.

**Community and Engagement**

While Pinterest is primarily about personal exploration and creativity, it also offers a sense of community. Users can follow each other, collaborate on boards, and interact through comments and likes. This social aspect allows individuals to share their own pins, discover what inspires their friends, and even connect with like-minded enthusiasts. It's a place where communities form around shared interests and passions.

**Business and E-commerce**

Pinterest is not limited to personal use; it has also become a significant platform for businesses and e-commerce. Many brands and retailers use Pinterest to showcase their products and engage with a highly visual and engaged user base. Users often turn to Pinterest for shopping inspiration and product discovery, making it an attractive space for businesses looking to reach potential customers.

**Privacy and Personalization**

Pinterest places a strong emphasis on privacy and data security. Users have control over the visibility of their boards and pins, ensuring that their creative endeavors remain as private or public as they desire. The platform's personalized recommendations are also based on user actions and interests rather than invasive data collection.

**The Future of Pinterest**

As of my knowledge cutoff date in January 2022, Pinterest was continuing to evolve and expand its offerings. It had introduced features like Story Pins, which allowed users to create interactive stories with videos, images, and text. Additionally, Pinterest was making efforts to be more inclusive and diverse, promoting content that reflects a wider range of cultures and perspectives.

In conclusion, Pinterest is a unique social media platform that has carved out its niche in the digital landscape. Its focus on visual discovery, creative inspiration, and community engagement sets it apart from other social networks. Whether you're planning a wedding, redecorating your home, or simply seeking new sources of inspiration, Pinterest is a platform that encourages you to "pin" your dreams and passions for the world to see.

30/10/2023

The word "Mike" immediately reminds all of us of "Call-Ready" when it comes to our ears.In 1948, in the Sutrapur area of Dhaka, the capital of Bangladesh, two brothers, Haripad Ghosh and Dayal Ghosh, established a shop named "Arju Light House." Initially, they provided gramophones for rent and engaged in lighting decoration work for various events. At the outset, they imported several microphones from India and even crafted some hand mics themselves, starting to offer them for rent at various functions and gatherings. As demand grew, they began importing microphones from China, Taiwan, Japan, and other countries. Simultaneously, in response to the demands of the Language Movement, they were actively engaged in gatherings and protests. It was during this time that they decided on the name "Call-Ready" for their microphone service. The history of the name goes back to the idea that "those who will rent a mic from them will make a call (request), and they will always be ready (ready) for their establishment." From this concept, the name "Call-Ready" was born. By 1954, the number of employees in their microphone service exceeded 20.

The name "Call-Ready" is intertwined with every chapter of Bangladesh's history. In the Language Movement of 1952, the United Front elections of 1954, the six-point movement of 1966, the People's Uprising of 1969, and the general elections of 1970, "Call-Ready" was present, with leaders speaking through its microphone. On the historic March 7, 1971, in front of "Call-Ready's" microphone, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman delivered his historic speech.

27/10/2023

Title: Understanding the Air Quality Index: A Breath of Fresh Air

Introduction

The quality of the air we breathe is a fundamental aspect of our well-being and the health of the planet. In an era of industrialization, urbanization, and increased pollution, keeping track of air quality has become more crucial than ever. One of the most widely used tools for this purpose is the Air Quality Index (AQI). In this article, we will explore what the AQI is, how it works, and why it matters.

What is the Air Quality Index (AQI)?

The Air Quality Index, often abbreviated as AQI, is a standardized measurement system used to communicate the quality of the air in a specific location. It provides a numeric value and corresponding color code to represent the cleanliness or pollution level of the air. The AQI is designed to be easily understood by the general public, allowing individuals to quickly assess the air quality in their area.

How Does the AQI Work?

The AQI is based on the concentration of several key air pollutants, including:

1. Particulate Matter (PM2.5 and PM10): These are tiny solid or liquid particles suspended in the air, which can have serious health implications when inhaled.

2. Ground-Level Ozone (O3): Ozone near the Earth's surface can lead to respiratory problems and other health issues.

3. Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2): A byproduct of combustion processes, this gas can irritate the lungs and contribute to smog formation.

4. Sulfur Dioxide (SO2): This gas can lead to respiratory issues and contributes to the formation of acid rain.

5. Carbon Monoxide (CO): A colorless, odorless gas that can be harmful when inhaled in large quantities.

For each of these pollutants, a specific AQI is calculated. The highest of these values is reported as the overall AQI for a location. The resulting AQI value is then mapped to one of several color-coded categories, ranging from "Good" to "Hazardous," to provide a clear indication of the air quality.
Air Quality Index Scale and Color Legend
The table below defines the Air Quality Index scale as defined by the US-EPA 2016 standard:

AQI Air Pollution Level Health Implications Cautionary Statement (for PM2.5)
0 - 50 Good Air quality is considered satisfactory, and air pollution poses little or no risk None
51 -100 Moderate Air quality is acceptable; however, for some pollutants there may be a moderate health concern for a very small number of people who are unusually sensitive to air pollution. Active children and adults, and people with respiratory disease, such as asthma, should limit prolonged outdoor exertion.
101-150 Unhealthy for Sensitive Groups Members of sensitive groups may experience health effects. The general public is not likely to be affected. Active children and adults, and people with respiratory disease, such as asthma, should limit prolonged outdoor exertion.

151-200 Unhealthy Everyone may begin to experience health effects; members of sensitive groups may experience more serious health effects Active children and adults, and people with respiratory disease, such as asthma, should avoid prolonged outdoor exertion; everyone else, especially children, should limit prolonged outdoor exertion

201-300 Very Unhealthy Health warnings of emergency conditions. The entire population is more likely to be affected. Active children and adults, and people with respiratory disease, such as asthma, should avoid all outdoor exertion; everyone else, especially children, should limit outdoor exertion.

300+ Hazardous Health alert: everyone may experience more serious health effects

Today Bangladesh AQI is 144 which is unhealthy for sensative persons.

Why Does the AQI Matter?

1. Health Implications: The primary purpose of the AQI is to inform the public about the potential health risks associated with air pollution. Poor air quality can exacerbate respiratory problems, increase the risk of heart disease, and lead to a range of other health issues. By knowing the AQI, individuals can take precautions to protect their health, such as reducing outdoor activities on days with poor air quality.

2. Environmental Impact: Air pollution has a direct impact on the environment, contributing to smog, acid rain, and the degradation of ecosystems. Monitoring the AQI helps policymakers and environmental agencies make informed decisions to reduce emissions and protect the environment.

3. Regulatory Compliance: The AQI is often used to assess compliance with air quality standards set by governments and environmental agencies. If a region consistently has a high AQI, it may prompt stricter regulations and measures to reduce pollution.

4. Public Awareness: The AQI is a vital tool for raising awareness about air quality issues. It empowers the public to take action, advocate for cleaner air, and hold industries accountable for their environmental impact.

Conclusion

The Air Quality Index is a powerful and essential tool in our efforts to safeguard public health and the environment. By providing a clear and easily understandable representation of air quality, it empowers individuals, informs policymakers, and drives efforts to reduce air pollution. Staying informed about the AQI in your area is not just about understanding the air you breathe but also about taking steps to ensure a cleaner, healthier future for all.

19/10/2023

🕛 On this day, October 19,1783, the American War of Independence ends with the surrender of Lord Cornwallis, the British commander in chief of the United States Army, to the American commander in chief, George Washington.

The American War of Independence, also known as the American Revolutionary War, was a conflict between Great Britain and thirteen of its North American colonies, which had declared themselves the independent United States of America.

🚩 Reasons:

1. Taxation without Representation: The British government imposed various taxes on the American colonies, such as the Stamp Act and the Tea Act, without allowing colonists representation in the British Parliament. This led to the famous slogan "No taxation without representation."

2. Colonial Grievances: Colonists had a range of grievances, including restrictions on westward expansion, the presence of British troops in the colonies, and the Quartering Act, which required colonists to house and feed British soldiers.

3. Enlightenment Ideals: The Enlightenment era had a significant influence on American thought, promoting ideas of individual rights, liberty, and self-determination, which fueled the desire for independence.

4. Boston Massacre and Tea Party: Events like the Boston Massacre in 1770 and the Boston Tea Party in 1773 heightened tensions and led to increased resistance against British rule.

5. Continental Congress: The First Continental Congress convened in 1774 to discuss grievances and coordinate resistance. The Second Continental Congress, in 1775, took more radical steps, including appointing George Washington as commander-in-chief of the Continental Army.

🚩 Result:

🔲 Establishment of the Republic in America: In the "Declaration of Independence" written in 1776, the colonists clearly declared liberty, equality and the rights of the people. Thus, the victory of the American people in the American War of Independence marked the beginning of the victory of the sovereign power of the people and the establishment of a republic ruled by the people in America.

🔲 Changes in England's Colonial Policy: This war proved the failure of England's old 'mercantile' economy. As a result, the rulers of England were forced to change the form of their colonial exploitation policy. England abandoned the old colonial policy and adopted a policy of tolerance towards the colonies.

🔲 Changes in England's internal politics: The American War of Independence also brought about changes in Britain's internal politics. Defeat in this battle forced (a) British Prime Minister Lord North to resign and King George III's attempts to influence Parliament were thwarted. (b) Cabinet Government, responsible to Parliament, was firmly established in England instead of the personal rule of the King. In this way, the spread of democracy in the politics of England led to the establishment of systematic governance.

🔲 Impact on France: By joining this war against the British, France was able to alleviate some of the sadness of defeat in the Seven Years' War, but the war had an adverse effect on French politics. These are: French in bearing the cost of the war The government went into debt. King Louis XVI was forced to convene the States General after a long time to arrange for the payment of this debt. This event marked the beginning of the French Revolution. On the other hand, French soldiers who participated in the American War of Independence returned home inspired by American revolutionary ideals and paved the way for the revolution.

🔲 Increasing complexity of the Near-East problem: Taking advantage of the conflict between England and France in the American War of Independence, Russia and Austria focused on expanding their dominance in Eastern Europe.

🔲 Spreading democratic ideals in the world: The American freedom struggle helped to popularize democratic and republican ideals in the world. In this way, a new and revolutionary political ideology prevailed in the formation of the state. Later, this democratic ideal spread its influence in different countries of the world.

🚩 Finally, the Treaty of Paris, signed in 1783, ended the war and recognized the United States' sovereignty over the area currently bounded by Canada to the north, Florida to the south, and the Mississippi River to the west.

16/10/2023

🕛 On this day, October 17, 1920, the Communist Party of India formed in Tashkent.

◾The Communist Party of India (CPI) is one of the main and oldest political parties in India. It is the Indian branch of the Communist Party. There are two views in the communist movement of India about when the Communist Party of India was established. The CPI declared 26 December 1925 as the foundation day of the party. But the CPI's breakaway party, the Communist Party of India (Marxist) (CPIM), believes that the CPI was founded in 1920.

🔰🔰 Causes behind of the formation of the Communist Party of India:

1. Bolshevik Revolution: The success of the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia in 1917 inspired leftist movements worldwide, including in India. The revolutionary fervor and socialist ideals gained popularity among Indian intellectuals and political activists.

2. Formation of Comintern: The Communist International (Comintern) was established by the Soviet Union in 1919 to promote worldwide communist revolution. Comintern played a crucial role in the formation and guidance of communist parties in various countries.

3. Influence of Indian Nationalists: Prominent Indian leaders like M.N. Roy, who were influenced by Marxist ideology and had links with the Bolsheviks, played a pivotal role in the formation of the CPI. They believed that communism could be a powerful force for India's struggle for independence.

4. International Support: The presence of Indian students, workers, and revolutionaries in Europe and Central Asia during World War I and after played a role in spreading socialist ideas. Tashkent, a city in Soviet Central Asia, became a hub for Indian revolutionaries.

5. Split within the Indian National Congress: There was a growing dissatisfaction within the Indian National Congress over its approach to achieving independence. Some leaders felt that non-violent methods were insufficient, and communism offered an alternative path.

6. Anti-Imperialist Sentiment: The CPI was founded during a period of rising anti-imperialist sentiment in India. People were increasingly looking for radical alternatives to end British colonial rule.

🔰🔰 Importance
The formation of the Communist Party of India (CPI) in Tashkent on October 17, 1920, was a significant event in the history of the Indian communist movement. Here's the importance behind it:

1. International Influence: The CPI was influenced by the October Revolution in Russia in 1917. The Bolsheviks' success in Russia inspired communist movements worldwide, including in India. The formation of CPI in Tashkent was a response to this global wave of communist ideology.

2. Early Communist Presence: The CPI marked the beginning of organized communist activities in India. It brought together various leftist groups and individuals who were advocating for workers' rights, peasant movements, and anti-colonialism under a unified communist banner.

3. Anti-Imperialist Struggle: The CPI played a crucial role in India's struggle for independence from British colonial rule. It contributed to the broader anti-imperialist movement by championing the cause of the working class and the oppressed.

4. Impact on Indian Politics: Over the years, the CPI evolved into a major political force in India. It split into multiple factions, with the Communist Party of India (Marxist) (CPI-M) and the Communist Party of India (CPI) being the two prominent ones. These parties have had a lasting impact on Indian politics, participating in both state and national governments.

5. Ideological Evolution: The CPI's formation in Tashkent marked the beginning of a long journey of ideological evolution within the Indian communist movement. It adapted to the unique social, economic, and political conditions of India, leading to different schools of thought within Indian communism.

🔰🔰 In summary, the formation of the Communist Party of India in Tashkent in 1920 was a pivotal moment in the history of India's communist movement. It laid the foundation for a political and ideological force that would shape India's political landscape and contribute to the country's struggle for independence and social justice.

15/10/2023

🕛 On this day, October 16, 1905, the Partition of Bengal was implemented by the order of Lord Curzon, the late British colonial government. However, the idea of ​​partitioning Bengal did not originate with Curzon. Bihar and Orissa were part of Bengal since 1765.

🚩 Causes of partition of Bengal:

◼Geographical reason: Bengal was the largest province in India until then. The area of ​​Bengal province was 1 lakh 89 thousand square miles and the population was 7 crore 50 lakh (Census 1901). It became very difficult to rule such a large province from the centre. Basically, it becomes very difficult for an administrator to ensure the good governance of a province of such a large area from the geographical point of view. As a result, the need for partition of Bengal arose.”

◼Administrative reasons: Barlat Curzon realized that if a province was formed with East-Bengal and Assam, there would be administrative problems, but the people of this underdeveloped region would improve in terms of education, health, agriculture, trade, etc.

◼ Political reasons: One of the main reasons for the partition of Bengal is political. The British government felt that Bengal was one of the main centers of British anti-colonialism. As a result, the Bengali-centric anti-British movement worried the British government. As a result, Bengali nationalism was hit by suppressing the anti-British movement. The British government benefited from the partition of Bengal by creating communalism and creating British love among Muslims.

◼ Economic reasons: Kolkata was one of the major centers of trade and commerce at that time. As a result, the people of East Bengal, especially the Muslims, fell behind in every way. Hence, Bengal was divided to create employment, improve the standard of living of Muslims, increase business and trade. As a result the people of East Bengal were inspired by the partition of Bengal. 5. Social Reasons: British took away political power from Muslims. Because of this, Muslims were viewed with suspicion by the British. As a result, the Muslims fell behind practically everywhere. As a result, new hope was created among the Muslims through the partition of Bengal.

◼Religious Factors: East Bengal has a Muslim majority and West Bengal has a Hindu majority. The people of East Bengal also had a religious demand. So the British government was active in dividing Bengal from the religious point of view.

🚩 Results of the partition of Bengal:

The consequences of the partition of Bengal were far-reaching. Although the results of the partition of Bengal were temporary, the majority Muslim community especially in East Bengal benefited more from it.

◼ Muslim's response:
As a result of the partition of Bengal, Dhaka became the capital of the new province of East Bengal and Assam. Various industrial establishments were established around the capital Dhaka. As a result Muslims are able to get various facilities. The growth of Dhaka took place due to the construction of large buildings including offices, courts, educational institutions.

◼Reaction of the Hindu community:
The position of Hindus against the partition of Bengal was very tough from the beginning. The Hindus of Bengal raised a great storm against it. They also refer to it as mutilation of the motherland.

◼ Development of religious nationalist consciousness: Muslim intellectuals and leaders formed a political organization called 'Muslim League' in 1906 to counter the Hindu movement to cancel the partition of Bengal. Thus bitterness is created in Hindu-Muslim relationship. As a result of the partition of Bengal, religious nationalist sentiments arose among both the Hindu and Muslim communities.

◼ The rise of radical Hindu nationalism and the creation of communalism:
The partition of Bengal in 1905 led to an increase in terrorist and subversive activities in Indian politics, particularly in Bengal, Punjab and Maharashtra. Radical Hindu nationalists emerged all over India. Hindu-Muslim communal riots started in different parts of the country.

◼Implementation of the British policy of 'divide and rule' :
Political influence of the partition of Bengal led to the victory of the policy of 'divide and rule' followed by the British rulers. As a result communal hatred arose between Hindu and Muslim people. India's two largest communities were thus divided intellectually.

◼The Indian nationalist movement failed: The partition of Bengal gave the British rulers the opportunity to strategically destroy the Calcutta-centred All-India nationalist movement.

🔷 However, on October 16, 1905, when the plan of partition of Bengal came into effect, the Hindu population strongly protested against it. Their struggle against the partition of Bengal turned into a violent movement. In the face of protests, on 12 December 1911, Emperor George V announced the cancellation of the partition of Bengal at the historic Delhi Durbar.