19/07/2024
A fact-based article written by Dr. Jasmine Dum-Tragut and published by PANEUROPA magazine on the deliberate destruction of Armenian cultural heritage in Artsakh (Nagorno-Karabakh). Special thanks to our Board Member Rainhard Kloucek. Below read a translation (made by ChatGPT) of this text:
Threatened Cultural Heritage
The war initiated by Azerbaijan last year to finally conquer Nagorno-Karabakh has eradicated Armenian life in the area. More than 100,000 Armenians were displaced. There are increasing reports of the erasure of Armenian cultural heritage by Azerbaijan. Conventions to protect cultural heritage seem to be ineffective.
**From January 1, 2024, the de facto Republic of Artsakh (Nagorno-Karabakh), which declared independence in 1994, has ceased to exist. Azerbaijan has taken over the entire former territory of the Soviet enclave of Nagorno-Karabakh, as well as the surrounding areas – both de jure on (Soviet) Azerbaijani territory.**
This date follows decades of wars, ceasefires, constant skirmishes, and flourishing periods of Armenian culture in Artsakh, but also an unforgiving 44-day war in the fall of 2020, numerous ceasefire violations, and from December 2022 to September 2023 the blockade of the only access road from Armenia to Karabakh, causing a humanitarian disaster and, not least, triggering genocide alarms.
The Azerbaijani attack on Karabakh in September 2023 began the exodus: by October 3, 2023, all Armenians, 100,625 people, had left Karabakh. During the 2020 war, Armenia had already taken in about 41,000 refugees from southern Karabakh, which has been under the Azerbaijani flag since November 2020, primarily the Hadrut Disctrict and the city of Shushi.
**DESTRUCTION OF ARMENIAN HERITAGE**
The Armenian cultural heritage in now-abandoned Karabakh faces a significant threat from the Azerbaijani government, which is trying by all means to gradually erase and obliterate not only the traces of centuries of Armenian settlement and Christianity from the Republic of Azerbaijan but also to attribute Armenian-Christian cultural heritage to the ancient-medieval Caucasian Albanian kingdom through insidious historical revisionism.
**OVERT AGGRESSION BY AZERBAIJAN**
In fact, Azerbaijan's open aggression began during the 2020 war with the deliberate destruction of Armenian khachkars (cross-stones) and graves, monuments from the first Karabakh war, and the targeted bombing of the St. Savior Cathedral in Shushi (1862-87), the then seat of the Armenian diocese of Karabakh, on October 8, 2020. Even after the ceasefire in November 2020, Armenian sites in the southern District of Hadrut were deliberately destroyed and vandalized. An American research group at Cornell University installed a satellite monitoring system for the South Caucasus in 2021 to report on any destructions: Caucasus Heritage Watch.
**The authoritarian regime of Azerbaijan has eradicated all living Armenian traces with ethnic cleansing in Karabakh in 2023; it is expected that, similar to Nakhichevan, a cultural cleansing of the region will also take place. There, 28,000 registered Armenian cultural monuments were completely erased between 1994 and 2008. In Karabakh, it's "only" 4,000.**
Since 2020, international cultural heritage protection organizations have been trying to get a picture on the ground, but Azerbaijan has so far refused them entry into the affected areas or monitoring by international experts. In fact, Caucasus Heritage Watch has documented the destruction, alteration, or vandalism of 44 registered Armenian cultural heritage sites since 2021, including numerous churches, cemeteries, khachkars, secular buildings, and modern memorials: for example, the Mother of God Church in Jrakan [Jebrayil] 2021 (1743), St. Sargis Church in Mokhrenis (18th century), 2022, the monastery Kavakavank (re-erected 1742) 2023.
Particularly affected is the destruction of the Church of St. John the Baptist or "Green Church" in Shushi (1847) in early April 2024, a pilgrimage site and holy place for Armenians, and most recently, in early May 2024, the Ascension Church of Berdzor [Lachin], built only in 1998. Six historic cemeteries, some dating back to the Middle Ages, were bulldozed.
**REINTERPRETATION AS CAUCASIAN ALBANIAN**
The attacks on sacred buildings of monuments erected after the first Karabakh war, i.e., after 1994, are particularly difficult to handle from a heritage protection perspective, as they are "reset," often not registered as monuments. The situation is even more complex when officially Armenian inscriptions on medieval churches and monasteries are chipped away, buildings are architecturally modified, and labeled as Caucasian Albanian. There is no historical evidence for this, let alone facts.
On the sidelines, it is mentioned that there are about 21 Armenian museums, of which it is not known whether they still exist. Azerbaijan seems to be doing everything to erase the historical presence of Armenians. Armenia and the rest of the world seem powerless.
**THE HAGUE CONVENTION WAS SIGNED**
And this despite the fact that Azerbaijan ratified the 1954 Hague Convention and its First Protocol in 1993, the Second Protocol (1999) in 2001, the 2003 Paris Convention for the Protection of Intangible Cultural Heritage in 2010, the 2005 Paris Convention for the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions, and has established national committees from UNESCO, ICOM, ICOMOS, and ICCROM. Only the significant Faro Convention has not been signed by Azerbaijan. Moreover, Azerbaijan does not comply with the International Court of Justice's orders to stop the destruction of Armenian cultural heritage (07.12.2021) or to prevent the vandalism of particularly Christian-Armenian sites (06.07.2023) and to cease all forms of racial discrimination against the Armenian people (14.11.2023).
The example of Karabakh tragically shows the failure of international conventions for cultural heritage protection: conventions are often merely non-binding rules that ultimately depend on the political will of the responsible state.