08/25/2026
In response to increasing human pressures on biodiversity, conservation targets have been set to reduce these pressures and halt biodiversity decline. However, consequences of these objectives on common species are rarely studied. We analyse the effect of a range of drivers related to climate, land use and land-use intensity on 265 common bird and 144 common butterfly species from more than 20,000 sites between 2000 and 2021 across 27 European countries.
Projections for 265 common bird and 144 common butterfly species across Europe under multiple sustainability scenarios, including those of existing conservation objectives, find no scenario in which the average decline in abundance stops or reverses.