06/19/2026
"President Abraham Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation on January 1, 1863, as the nation approached its third year of bloody civil war. The proclamation declared "that all persons held as slaves" within the rebellious states "are, and henceforward shall be free."
Despite this expansive wording, the Emancipation Proclamation was limited in many ways. It applied only to states that had seceded from the United States, leaving slavery untouched in the loyal border states. It also expressly exempted parts of the Confederacy (the Southern secessionist states) that had already come under Northern control. Most important, the freedom it promised depended upon Union (United States) military victory.
Although the Emancipation Proclamation did not end slavery in the nation, it captured the hearts and imagination of millions of Americans and fundamentally transformed the character of the war. After January 1, 1863, every advance of federal troops expanded the domain of freedom. Moreover, the Proclamation announced the acceptance of black men into the Union Army and Navy, enabling the liberated to become liberators. By the end of the war, almost 200,000 black soldiers and sailors had fought for the Union and freedom.
From the first days of the Civil War, slaves had acted to secure their own liberty. The Emancipation Proclamation confirmed their insistence that the war for the Union must become a war for freedom."
(Excerpt from the National Archives website)
Juneteenth marks June 19, 1865, when Union soldiers arrived in Galveston, Texas, with news that the Civil War had ended and that enslaved people in Texas were free. While President Abraham Lincolnโs 1863 Emancipation Proclamation declared freedom for enslaved people in Confederate states, it was not until the 13th Amendment was ratified on December 6, 1865, that slavery was fully abolished throughout the United States. In the decades that followed, Juneteenth observances spread across the country. In 2021, Juneteenth was established as a federal holiday.
At the African American Civil War Memorial in Washington D.C., the central feature is a bronze sculpture by artist Ed Hamilton titled The Spirit of Freedom. The work stands as a tribute to the United States Colored Troops and honors the courage and sacrifice of those who fought for freedom during the Civil War.
Photo by National Park Service.