10/16/2026
Trifoliate orange is a deciduous shrub to small tree (up to around 20 feet). Its leaves will not be on much longer, but it has a fairly unique compound (3-leaflet) leaf, not found on many other southeastern U.S. shrub or tree species.
Stems and twigs are a distinct feature of this species, as they are flat, bright green, hairless, and have sharp thorns that can grow up to 2 inches long. Over time, branches and trunks will develop to be dark gray in color with green stripes.
Flowers are white with 5 petals and are showy in early spring, appearing with or before the first leaves. Fruit matures in fall and looks like a small yellowish-orange citrus (1.5-2 inches in diameter). Fruit can hang on to the plant into winter and is very seedy and sour.
Trifoliate orange favors forest edges and open areas such as urban green spaces or along fence rows but can also invade woodlands. Once established, it can spread rapidly and continue to create impenetrable thickets.
Trifoliate orange is a hardy shrub or small tree that is native to China and was introduced for ornamental purposes. It has been used successfully as rootstock to graft citrus trees, but has also proven its ability to produce suckers below the graft union and sometimes overtake the desired citrus graft. It has also been put to use as a hedge plant due to its impenetrable thorns. However, the fruits contain many seeds that are spread by wildlife and can move the plant into new areas. Cut stump, basal bark, and foliar application are effective control options for this species. Visit the Alabama Extension website for more information on these options.
Join the 2026 Year of Alabama Invasive Plants Project to raise awareness, improve identification skills, and take action against invasive species. Visit the ACES Year of Alabama Invasive Plants Project to learn more and take the pledge.
