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Learn With MollaBux Learn with MollaBux is an educational platform of CSS-Syllabus-Oriented Learning materials, handwritten notes making. Learn || Reflect || Grow

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21/08/2026

Subject: History of Pakistan & India

Topic: Founders and Pioneers of Pakistan

Quaid-i-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah: Quaid-i-Azam was the central political leader of the Pakistan Movement. He transformed the All-India Muslim League into a powerful political organization and successfully negotiated with the British government and Congress for Muslim political rights. His leadership, constitutional struggle, and determination were instrumental in achieving Pakistan in 1947.

Mohsin-ul-Mulk and Sir Aga Khan III: Nawab Mohsin-ul-Mulk played an important role in the Aligarh Movement and Muslim political organization. He supported modern education and helped strengthen Muslim political consciousness. Sir Aga Khan III led the Simla Deputation of 1906, which demanded political safeguards for Muslims, including separate electorates. He also became the first permanent president of the All-India Muslim League.

Syed Amir Ali and the Ali Brothers: Syed Amir Ali was an influential Muslim intellectual, jurist, and writer who defended Muslim political and cultural interests and contributed to Muslim political awakening. Maulana Muhammad Ali Jauhar and Maulana Shaukat Ali, known as the Ali Brothers, played prominent roles in the Khilafat Movement and mobilized Muslims against British rule. Their journalism, speeches, and political activism strengthened Muslim political awareness.

Chaudhry Rahmat Ali and other pioneers: Chaudhry Rahmat Ali is particularly remembered for proposing the name “Pakistan” in his 1933 pamphlet Now or Never, advocating a separate homeland for Muslims of the north-western regions of the subcontinent. Along with the contributions of Allama Muhammad Iqbal, Sir Syed Ahmed Khan, and other Muslim leaders and intellectuals, these figures helped develop Muslim political consciousness and the ideological and political foundations that eventually led to the creation of Pakistan.

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The article explores the populist "beef, biceps and Bhagavad Gita" narrative popularized by modern influencers like Beer...
21/08/2026

The article explores the populist "beef, biceps and Bhagavad Gita" narrative popularized by modern influencers like BeerBiceps and rooted in Swami Vivekananda’s late-19th century revivalism. Vivekananda presented a simplified, masculine version of Hinduism to Western audiences at the 1893 Parliament of Religions in Chicago, promoting India as a tolerant land and urging Hindu men to adopt "manhood" and "grit" — even eating beef to be globally competitive. The writer notes the irony: while Vivekananda’s guru Ramakrishna was a devotee of Kali, and while subcontinental culture often assigns women the burden of tradition yet denies them equality, we selectively remember or forget aspects of our shared history. He also points out that early Muslim representation at Chicago was weak — Alexander Russel Webb, a recent convert — when major Muslim scholars were available.

Sharjeel argues that our interest in this common South Asian heritage is shallow and confined to textbooks on both sides. Pakistani and Indian curricula highlight division — separate water pitchers, attacks by Mahmud Ghaznavi — while omitting complexity like Muslim generals serving Hindu rulers or Hindu princes attacking rival temples. Terms like ‘bahubali’ are hijacked by pop culture and politics, but the idea of strength isn’t exclusive to any one group. He concludes that figures like Iqbal, Jinnah, Gandhi and Nehru are only a chapter in a 5,000-year shared story. What we choose to learn and unlearn from that history will shape the future of the South Asian saga.

Dawn-ePaper | Aug 21, 2026 | Beef and biceps https://share.google/FXMHSahAoPCs1IHmt

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Pakistan has a major opportunity to host AI data centers because power, not capital, is AI’s key infrastructure. Global ...
21/08/2026

Pakistan has a major opportunity to host AI data centers because power, not capital, is AI’s key infrastructure. Global power demand is set to double by 2030, and countries with reliable, affordable electricity at scale will attract the next wave of economic value. Pakistan already has 49,651MW of installed capacity as of FY 2026 but uses only a fraction due to fuel limits, transmission bottlenecks, and rigid power purchase agreements that leave consumers paying for idle capacity. Instead of waiting for slow grid reforms, the authors argue Pakistan should immediately collocate data centers with generation and battery storage through direct contracts. This bypasses transmission issues and monetizes surplus power. Projects like GUL Ahmed’s planned Tier III data center, Sky47’s Islamabad facility, and Karachi’s solar-powered sovereign GPU hub show this is already feasible and can keep sensitive data within Pakistan.

To scale this, policy must connect surplus energy to a specific goal. Three steps are proposed: 1) Operationalize CTBCM rules so generators can sell directly to off-grid data centers with clear notification guidelines. 2) Designate 2-3 “energy-compute zones” where land, licensing, and storage are pre-cleared, using GUL Ahmed as a template. 3) Long-term, link sovereign compute capacity in Islamabad, Karachi, and Lahore into a national network tied to universities and startups. With 1-2GW of data center capacity — just 2% of the global pipeline — Pakistan could earn $700m-$1.5bn yearly in electricity sales and offset 10-20% of its capacity payments. The generation and talent already exist; what’s missing is policy alignment to turn surplus power from a sunk cost into foreign exchange and AI infrastructure.

Dawn-ePaper | Aug 21, 2026 | Pakistan`s AI future https://epaper.dawn.com/DetailNews.php?StoryText=21_08_2026_007_002

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20/08/2026

Subject: History of Pakistan & India

Topic: Pakistan Movement

Subtopic: Various Missions and Plans for the Partition of South Asia

Various Missions and Plans: The partition of British India emerged through several constitutional proposals, missions, and plans aimed at resolving political disagreements between the Indian National Congress, All-India Muslim League, and British government. The Cripps Mission (1942) offered proposals for Indian self-government after World War II but failed to satisfy Congress and the Muslim League. The Gandhi-Jinnah Talks (1944) attempted to resolve differences over the demand for Pakistan but ended without agreement. The Simla Conference (1945), led by Viceroy Lord Wavell, also failed mainly because of disagreements over Muslim representation. The Cabinet Mission Plan (1946) proposed a united India with a federal structure and grouped provinces, but political differences prevented its successful implementation. Finally, Lord Mountbatten's 3 June Plan (1947) accepted the partition of British India into two dominions, Pakistan and India, leading to independence in August 1947. These developments collectively paved the way for the partition of South Asia.

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#1942 #1946 #1947

The article contrasts intelligence with security through recent examples of leaders and spy agencies. It opens with Dona...
20/08/2026

The article contrasts intelligence with security through recent examples of leaders and spy agencies. It opens with Donald Trump’s decision to switch planes at Ankara airport in July over security concerns, leaving Marco Rubio and Scott Bessent on Air Force One — a move Trump justified by saying Iranians were more likely to target him after the Khashoggi killing. The writer recalls similar ruses, like Bill Clinton’s decoy Air Force One landing in Islamabad in 2000, and notes how intelligence failures and over-reliance on advisers shape such decisions. He also references Iran’s Supreme Leader Khamenei being tracked by Israeli units but surviving in a Tehran bunker, and compares global intelligence styles: Israel’s ruthlessness, Russia’s poisons, China’s FBI-like state agency, Saudi’s “cleaver,” and Pakistan and India’s heavy reliance on human intelligence, often penetrating to high levels.

Aijazuddin points out that even good intentions raise suspicion in this world. He cites India awarding Pakistan’s Nishan-i-Pakistan to Morarji Desai in 1990, and Dilip Kumar receiving the Nishan-i-Imtiaz in 1998, only for people to later suspect him of being a Pakistani agent. With Pakistan’s national ID system now tracking citizens, intelligence agencies are everywhere. He shares personal anecdotes: an anonymous IB headquarters in Islamabad run by a man with a missing thumb, and a 1960s IB officer in London who couldn’t find house “No. 26” because it didn’t exist. The piece suggests that in intelligence work, secrecy, misdirection, and suspicion are the norm — where logic and security often don’t align.

Dawn-ePaper | Aug 20, 2026 | At odds with evens https://share.google/yA1zKxhE7aZGa84uA

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Extreme heat is already cutting into Pakistan’s productivity and output, but businesses rarely record it as a climate lo...
20/08/2026

Extreme heat is already cutting into Pakistan’s productivity and output, but businesses rarely record it as a climate loss. This spring’s pre-monsoon heatwave pushed temperatures above 46°C, made three times more likely by climate change, and during Karachi’s June 2024 heatwave Edhi recorded 568 bodies in five days while official figures cited only 13 weather-related deaths. The human toll is undercounted, and so are the quieter losses: missed deliveries, defects, absenteeism, and worker deaths. Global data is stark too — worker productivity drops 2-3% per degree above 20°C, and by 2030 heat stress could erase 80 million full-time jobs worldwide. In South Asia that means a potential 5% loss of working hours, among the worst globally.

Despite growing focus on transition risk like decarbonization, few Pakistani companies assess physical climate risk — the direct impact of heat on workers, operations, and supply chains. The article traces this through textiles: heat cuts cotton yields, affects workers in hot mills and stitching floors paid by output, and peaks with load-shedding just when cooling is needed. Akhund argues this is a business problem, not just a government one. Companies need to map their own vulnerability to heat, flooding and water stress, then take affordable steps like shaded areas, adjusted shifts, and heat protocols. Transition planning matters, but the immediate threat of heat is already costing lives, hours and output every summer. Businesses that measure and manage it now will be better positioned for the next record heatwave.

Dawn-ePaper | Aug 20, 2026 | Cost of heat https://share.google/Q7Te65rPyp0AfKQyo

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20/08/2026

The End of History and the Last Man — Francis Fukuyama

Francis Fukuyama’s The End of History and the Last Man explores the idea that liberal democracy and free-market capitalism may represent the final stage of humanity’s political and ideological evolution. Fukuyama argues that the decline of fascism and communism left liberal democracy as the strongest competing political system, while also warning about the human desire for recognition, inequality, nationalism, and political dissatisfaction. The book raises a powerful question: Has history, understood as ideological struggle, reached its endpoint—or will new conflicts and challenges reshape the future? It remains an important work for understanding modern politics, democracy, ideology, and international relations.

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