27/07/2026
#๐๐๐ญ๐๐ซ๐ข๐๐ฅ๐ฌ๐๐จ๐ง๐๐๐ฒ | ๐๐๐๐๐, ๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐
For as long as there has been the need for speed, there has been a proportional need for the ability to stop at a momentโs notice. The basic principle of how these brakes operate has remained unchanged: a friction material presses down onto the moving medium, thereby converting kinetic energy into heat.
Early brake linings relied heavily on asbestos due to its excellent heat resistance and friction characteristics; however, growing awareness of its health hazards led to its gradual replacement with safer alternatives. Advances in materials science have since focused on developing environmentally friendly, high-performance composites that offer improved thermal stability, lower emissions, enhanced wear resistance, and reduced noise [1].
๐ช๐๐๐ง ๐๐ฅ๐ ๐ง๐๐๐ฌ ๐ ๐๐๐ ๐ข๐?
๐ต๐๐-๐จ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐ถ๐๐๐๐๐๐
Non-asbestos organic brake pads were introduced as a safer alternative to traditional asbestos-based brake materials after the health hazards associated with asbestos became widely recognized [1]. These brake pads are primarily composed of organic fibers, such as glass, rubber, aramid, cellulose, and carbon, bonded together with phenolic resins, along with various fillers and lubricants [2]. Due to their relatively soft composition, NAO brake pads provide smooth, quiet braking while minimizing wear on the brake rotor. They also perform well under normal driving conditions, making them suitable for everyday passenger vehicles. However, they tend to wear more quickly than other brake pad types, generate relatively high levels of brake dust, and experience friction fade under prolonged high-temperature or heavy braking conditions [3].
๐ณ๐๐-๐ด๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐ต๐๐-๐จ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐ถ๐๐๐๐๐๐
Low-metallic NAO brake pads are an enhanced version of standard organic brake pads, composed of 10 to 30% metallic fibers, such as copper, steel, or iron, in the organic matrix. The addition of these metals significantly improves thermal conductivity, allowing heat generated during braking to dissipate more efficiently [1]. Consequently, low-metallic NAO brake pads offer improved stopping power and more consistent braking performance, particularly during repeated braking events. While they retain many of the favorable characteristics of organic brake pads, they generally produce more brake dust, generate higher braking noise, and cause slightly greater wear on the brake rotor due to their higher metallic content [4].
๐บ๐๐๐-๐ด๐๐๐๐๐๐๐
Semi-metallic brake pads are among the most widely used friction materials for high-performance and heavy-duty applications. They consist of 30-70% metallic fibers combined with graphite, friction modifiers, lubricants, fillers, and phenolic resin binders. The high metal content provides excellent thermal conductivity and mechanical strength, enabling these brake pads to maintain stable friction characteristics even under high temperatures and severe braking conditions [5]. As a result, semi-metallic brake pads offer exceptional braking performance, superior resistance to brake fade, and a long service life, making them well-suited for trucks, SUVs, performance cars, and towing vehicles. However, their harder composition generally results in increased brake noise, greater brake dust production, and higher rates of brake rotor wear compared to organic or ceramic brake pads [6].
๐ช๐๐๐๐๐๐
Ceramic brake pads represent one of the most advanced friction material technologies currently available for passenger vehicles. They are manufactured using fine ceramic fibers, ceramic particles, bonding resins, and small amounts of metallic particles or alternative heat-conductive additives to improve thermal performance. Compared with other brake pad materials, ceramic brake pads exhibit excellent wear resistance while maintaining a stable coefficient of friction across a wide range of operating temperatures, producing very little brake dust and operating quietly. Compared to pads with a higher metallic content, this variant is less abrasive to brake rotors, thereby contributing to longer brake rotor life and reduced maintenance requirements [7]. Although ceramic brake pads generally have a higher manufacturing cost than organic or semi-metallic alternatives, their combination of durability, comfort, cleanliness, and consistent braking performance has made them the preferred choice for many modern passenger vehicles [1].
๐ฅ๐๐๐๐ฅ๐๐ก๐๐๐ฆ
[1] V. Raghunathan et al., โAdvances in brake friction materials: A comprehensive review of ingredients, processing methods, and performance characteristics,โ Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology, vol. 30, no. 6, pp. 1396โ1431, Aug. 2024, doi: 10.1002/vnl.22149.
[2] E. Ekpruke, Chinwuba Victor Ossia, and Akuro Big-Alabo, โRecent Progress and Evolution in the Development of Non-Asbestos Based Automotive Brake Pad- A Review,โ Journal of Manufacturing Engineering, vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 051โ063, June 2022, doi: 10.37255/jme.v17i2pp051-063.
[3] C. Pinca-Bretotean, A. Josan, and V. Putan, โTesting of brake pads made of non asbestos organic friction composite on specialized station,โ Materials Today: Proceedings, vol. 45, pp. 4183โ4188, 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.matpr.2020.12.039.
[4] S.-H. Woo, H. Jang, M. Y. Na, H. J. Chang, and S. Lee, โCharacterization of brake particles emitted from non-asbestos organic and low-metallic brake pads under normal and harsh braking conditions,โ Atmospheric Environment, vol. 278, p. 119089, June 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2022.119089.
[5] B. Bilvatej et al., โProgress in polymeric and metallic brake pads: A comprehensive review,โ Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part J: Journal of Engineering Tribology, vol. 238, no. 1, pp. 3โ25, Oct. 2023, doi: 10.1177/13506501231204655.
[6] C. D**g et al., โTribological performance and composition optimization of semi-metallic friction materials applied for carbon ceramic brake disc,โ Ceramics International, vol. 50, no. 11, pp. 19660โ19670, June 2024, doi: 10.1016/j.ceramint.2024.03.086.
[7] N. Langhof, M. Rabenstein, J. Rosenlรถcher, R. Hackenschmidt, W. Krenkel, and F. Rieg, โFull-ceramic brake systems for high performance friction applications,โ Journal of the European Ceramic Society, vol. 36, no. 15, pp. 3823โ3832, Nov. 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2016.04.040.
๐ด๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐ด๐๐๐
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Content by: Jzan Franzees Amansec
Design by: Liv Laroco
