18/07/2026
Surgeons, stewards, nurses, and ambulance men worked themselves to exhaustion.
On the march or after a battle, they often had no tent to shelter their well deserved rest. Ambulance wagons sometimes filled that gap.
Writing from Nashville in 1864, Dr. Stephen Black recorded: "I have been sleeping in our Ambulance since I have been here, in fact for the last twelve months or more I have not had a tent in the time."
Women volunteers weren't exempt. Mrs. John Harris recalled: "The first night we slept in our ambulance; no room in the small house, the only dwelling near, could be procured."
When Hospital Steward Stephen Bonsall's wagon got bogged down he "tried to sleep in the machine, the hubs under the mud and water, and myself about six inches above it. What added much to the romance of my position was the indisputable fact that a most decidedly defunct horse was located in the immediate vicinity, diffusing an odour much more powerful than agreeable."
These were all technically in violation of orders that forbid the use of ambulances for anything but the movement of medical supplies and the infirm.
Dr. Daniel Holt discovered this to his dismay, when he tried to rest in an ambulance and was discovered by General William B. Franklin who "ordered me out in the most abusive and profane manner telling me that 'never again to let him know of my being in an ambulance while I had feet to carry me' an order which I have strictly obeyed, taking a remarkable antipathy to such riding ever since."
Photo credit:
Detail from James Gardner, "Virginia, Brandy Station, Shebang, Headquarters of the Sanitary Commission," November 1863, Courtesy of National Archives and Research Administration.