21/08/2026
Permafrost: the frozen ground that matters to the whole climate system
When we think about the cryosphere, glaciers, ice sheets and sea ice often come to mind. But there is another crucial component beneath our feet: permafrost.
Permafrost is ground that remains at or below 0°C for at least two consecutive years. It is widespread across the Arctic and other cold regions, and in some places it has remained frozen for thousands of years.
But why is it so important?
It is a major part of the cryosphere.
Permafrost connects frozen ground with ecosystems, hydrology, snow cover and the atmosphere. As temperatures rise, the seasonally thawed “active layer” can deepen and previously frozen ground can begin to thaw.
It stores enormous amounts of carbon.
Frozen soils preserve organic matter that has accumulated over centuries and millennia. When permafrost thaws, microorganisms can decompose some of this material, releasing carbon dioxide and methane into the atmosphere.
It interacts with the climate system.
These greenhouse gas emissions can contribute to further warming, creating a positive climate feedback: warming leads to permafrost thaw, which can lead to additional greenhouse gas emissions, reinforcing warming.
Its thaw also transforms landscapes.
Permafrost degradation can alter ecosystems and water systems, destabilise slopes and coastlines, and damage infrastructure in Arctic communities.
Understanding permafrost therefore means understanding much more than frozen soil. It means exploring the connections between the cryosphere, carbon cycle, ecosystems and global climate.