06/14/2026
CUSMA at a Crossroads: Farmers Across North America Are Divided Ahead of New Trade Talks
The Canada–United States–Mexico Agreement (CUSMA), known as USMCA in the United States and T-MEC in Mexico, was supposed to bring stability to North American trade after years of uncertainty surrounding NAFTA.
Instead, as Canada, the United States, and Mexico prepare for the agreement's mandatory review, CUSMA has become one of the most divisive issues in agriculture.
Some farm organizations see it as a lifeline that preserves access to a market of nearly 500 million consumers. Others believe it has weakened domestic agriculture, strengthened multinational corporations, and forced farmers to sacrifice local control for export growth.
The coming negotiations are shaping up to be a battle not between countries, but between competing visions of agriculture itself.
A Trade Agreement Worth Tens of Billions to Canadian Farmers
The stakes are enormous.
Canadian farmers export roughly C$60–70 billion worth of agricultural products annually to CUSMA partners, accounting for nearly two-thirds of Canada's agri-food exports.
For products such as canola, wheat, beef, pork, processed foods, and pulses, access to the U.S. and Mexican markets is not simply beneficial—it is essential.
This dependence explains why farm organizations are paying close attention to the upcoming review.
The Supporters: Exporters Want Stability
The strongest supporters of CUSMA are organizations representing export-oriented agriculture.
In the United States, the American Farm Bureau Federation (AFBF) has been one of the agreement's biggest champions. Upon ratification, AFBF President Zippy Duvall called USMCA "A major win for American agriculture."
The organization argues that the agreement provides certainty and preserves access to Canada's and Mexico's markets for American corn, soybeans, beef, pork, and dairy products.
The National Milk Producers Federation (NMPF), representing U.S. dairy producers, is also firmly behind the agreement. The organization described USMCA as "A landmark trade deal that secures meaningful dairy market access in Canada."
The NMPF continues to push Washington to aggressively enforce the agreement's dairy provisions and ensure Canada complies with its commitments.
Mexico's largest agricultural business association, the Consejo Nacional Agropecuario (CNA), also supports CUSMA. The organization has argued that "North American integration has been fundamental to the growth of Mexican agriculture."
For Mexican exporters, access to the U.S. market remains essential.
In Canada, the Canadian Federation of Agriculture (CFA) broadly supports the agreement, although with reservations. The CFA has repeatedly emphasized that "The United States and Mexico are Canada's largest agricultural trading partners."
For grain growers, beef producers, pork exporters, and food processors, preserving predictable, rules-based trade is viewed as critical.
The Critics: Dairy and Family Farmers Push Back
The sharpest criticism comes from dairy organizations and family-farm advocates.
Dairy Farmers of Canada (DFC) remains one of the agreement's most vocal opponents. DFC President Pierre Lampron has argued "Canadian dairy farmers have already paid more than their fair share through recent trade agreements."
The organization fears that further negotiations could weaken Canada's supply-management system even more and insists "Supply management must not be further weakened."
The National Farmers Union of Canada takes a broader critique. The NFU argues that CUSMA shifts power toward multinational corporations and away from governments and local communities.
The organization has stated "CUSMA expands corporate rights while constraining democratic decision-making."
The NFU believes trade agreements should support farmers and citizens rather than primarily serving large corporations.
Mexico also has its critics.
The farmer advocacy group El Barzón argues that North American free trade has "Favoured large agribusinesses while leaving small producers increasingly vulnerable."
The organization believes Mexico has become too dependent on the U.S. market and that smaller farmers have struggled to compete.
Even in the United States, support is not universal.
The National Farmers Union of the United States supported ratification but warned "Trade agreements alone cannot solve the economic challenges facing family farmers."
The organization has repeatedly argued that "Farmers need fair markets, not just bigger markets."
The Main Divide: Big Exporters vs. Protected Sectors
The debate over CUSMA increasingly comes down to one question:
Who benefits most from free trade?
Export-oriented sectors—corn, soybeans, grains, beef, pork, and large-scale agribusinesses—generally want the agreement preserved and strengthened.
Supply-managed sectors, smaller family farms, and organizations concerned about corporate concentration are more skeptical. They worry that trade liberalization benefits large corporations while forcing smaller producers to compete in increasingly difficult markets.
This divide exists in all three countries.
American dairy farmers want greater access to Canadian markets.
Canadian dairy farmers want stronger protections.
Mexican agribusinesses want continued integration.
Mexican small-farm advocates want safeguards against market disruptions.
A Defining Moment for North American Agriculture
CUSMA has undoubtedly increased trade and strengthened economic ties among Canada, the United States, and Mexico.
Yet the agreement has also exposed tensions between large and small farms, exporters and protected sectors, and those who see globalization as an opportunity versus those who view it as a threat.
For the American Farm Bureau Federation, CUSMA is a success story that should be strengthened.
For Dairy Farmers of Canada, it is a reminder that market-access concessions come with real costs.
For the National Farmers Unions in Canada and the United States, the question is whether trade agreements can be designed to benefit family farms rather than simply the largest players.
And for Mexican farmers, the debate revolves around balancing integration with economic independence.
The negotiations ahead are about much more than tariffs and quotas.
They are about who wins, who loses, and what kind of agricultural system North America wants for the next generation.