12/07/2026
āĻā§āϞāĻŋāύāĻŋāĻā§āϝāĻžāϞ āĻāĻā§āĻāĻŋāύāĻŋā§āĻžāϰāĻŋāĻā§ā§āϰ āĻāϤāĻŋāĻšāĻžāϏ, āĻĒā§āĻļāĻžāĻāϤ āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦāϰā§āϤāύ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāϧā§āύāĻŋāĻ āϏā§āĻŦāĻžāϏā§āĻĨā§āϝāĻĒā§āϰāϝā§āĻā§āϤāĻŋ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāϏā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāύāĻž: āϏā§āĻāύāĻž āĻĨā§āĻ⧠⧍ā§Ļ⧍ā§Ŧ
Dr. Engr. Md. Anwar Hossain
Founder General Secretary
Clinical Engineering Association of Bangladesh (CEAB)
Dhaka, Bangladesh
Email: [email protected]
āϏāĻžāϰāϏāĻāĻā§āώā§āĻĒâāĻā§āϞāĻŋāύāĻŋāĻā§āϝāĻžāϞ āĻāĻā§āĻāĻŋāύāĻŋā§āĻžāϰāĻŋāĻ āĻŦāĻžā§ā§āĻŽā§āĻĄāĻŋāĻā§āϝāĻžāϞ āĻāĻā§āĻāĻŋāύāĻŋā§āĻžāϰāĻŋāĻā§ā§āϰ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āώāĻžā§āĻŋāϤ āĻĒā§āĻļāĻžāĻāϤ āĻā§āώā§āϤā§āϰ, āϝā§āĻāĻžāύ⧠āĻĒā§āϰāĻā§āĻļāϞ āĻ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāϏā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāύāĻžāĻāϤ āĻĻāĻā§āώāϤāĻž āĻĒā§āϰā§ā§āĻā§āϰ āĻŽāĻžāϧā§āϝāĻŽā§ āϰā§āĻā§āϰ āϏā§āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ āϏā§āĻŦāĻžāϏā§āĻĨā§āϝāϏā§āĻŦāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāϝā§āĻā§āϤāĻŋāϰ āύāĻŋāϰāĻžāĻĒāĻĻ, āĻāĻžāϰā§āϝāĻāϰ, āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻāϰāϝā§āĻā§āϝ āĻ āĻŦā§āϝā§āϏāĻžāĻļā§āϰā§ā§ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āύāĻŋāĻļā§āĻāĻŋāϤ āĻāϰāĻž āĻšā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻŋāĻāĻŋā§āϏāĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻā§āĻāĻžāύ⧠āĻĒā§āϰāĻā§āĻļāϞā§āϰ āĻĒā§āϰā§ā§āĻ āĻā§ā§āĻ āĻļāϤāĻžāĻŦā§āĻĻā§ āĻāĻā§ āĻļā§āϰ⧠āĻšāϞā§āĻ âClinical Engineeringâ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻāĻžāώāĻžāĻāĻŋāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻĨāĻŽāĻŋāĻ āĻ āĻŦāĻšā§āϞ āĻāĻĻā§āϧā§āϤ āĻĒā§āϰāĻāĻžāĻļāĻŋāϤ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻĒāĻžāĻā§āĻž āϝāĻžā§ ā§§ā§¯ā§Ŧ⧝ āϏāĻžāϞ⧠James R. Landoll āĻ Cesar A. Caceres-āĻāϰ āĻāĻŦā§āώāĻŖāĻžāĻĒāϤā§āϰā§āĨ¤ āĻĒāϰāĻŦāϰā§āϤā§āĻāĻžāϞ⧠āĻŽā§āĻĄāĻŋāĻā§āϞ āĻĄāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻāϏā§āϰ āĻĻā§āϰā§āϤ āĻŦāĻŋāϏā§āϤāĻžāϰ, āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āϝā§āϤāĻŋāĻ āĻ āϝāĻžāύā§āϤā§āϰāĻŋāĻ āύāĻŋāϰāĻžāĻĒāϤā§āϤāĻžāϰ āĻĒā§āϰā§ā§āĻāύ, āϰā§āĻā§ āĻĒāϰā§āϝāĻŦā§āĻā§āώāĻŖ āĻĒā§āϰāϝā§āĻā§āϤāĻŋāϰ āĻāĻāĻŋāϞāϤāĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻšāĻžāϏāĻĒāĻžāϤāĻžāϞāĻāĻŋāϤā§āϤāĻŋāĻ āĻĒā§āϰāϝā§āĻā§āϤāĻŋ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāϏā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāύāĻžāϰ āĻāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻĻāĻž āĻā§āϞāĻŋāύāĻŋāĻā§āϝāĻžāϞ āĻāĻā§āĻāĻŋāύāĻŋā§āĻžāϰāĻŋāĻāĻā§ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āϏā§āĻŦāϤāύā§āϤā§āϰ āĻĒā§āĻļāĻžā§ āϰā§āĻĒ āĻĻā§ā§āĨ¤ āĻŦāϰā§āϤāĻŽāĻžāύ⧠āĻāϰ āĻāĻžāϰā§āϝāĻĒāϰāĻŋāϧāĻŋ āĻļā§āϧ⧠āϝāύā§āϤā§āϰāĻĒāĻžāϤāĻŋ āĻŽā§āϰāĻžāĻŽāϤ āĻŦāĻž āϰāĻā§āώāĻŖāĻžāĻŦā§āĻā§āώāĻŖā§ āϏā§āĻŽāĻžāĻŦāĻĻā§āϧ āύā§; āĻŦāϰāĻ āĻĒā§āϰā§ā§āĻāύ āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻĒāĻŖ, āĻĒā§āϰāϝā§āĻā§āϤāĻŋ āĻŽā§āϞā§āϝāĻžā§āύ, āĻā§āϰā§, āϏā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāύ, āĻā§āϰāĻšāĻŖāϝā§āĻā§āϝāϤāĻž āĻĒāϰā§āĻā§āώāĻž, āĻā§āϝāĻžāϞāĻŋāĻŦā§āϰā§āĻļāύ, āĻā§āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāϏā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāύāĻž, āϤāĻĨā§āϝāĻĒā§āϰāϝā§āĻā§āϤāĻŋāϰ āϏāĻā§āĻā§ āĻāύā§āϤāĻāϏāĻāϝā§āĻ, āϏāĻžāĻāĻŦāĻžāϰ āύāĻŋāϰāĻžāĻĒāϤā§āϤāĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŖ āĻā§āĻŦāύāĻāĻā§āϰ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāϏā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāύāĻžāĻā§ āĻ
āύā§āϤāϰā§āĻā§āĻā§āϤ āĻāϰā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻ āĻĒāϰā§āϝāĻžāϞā§āĻāύāĻžāĻŽā§āϞāĻ āύāĻŋāĻŦāύā§āϧ⧠āĻā§āϞāĻŋāύāĻŋāĻā§āϝāĻžāϞ āĻāĻā§āĻāĻŋāύāĻŋā§āĻžāϰāĻŋāĻā§ā§āϰ āĻāϤāĻŋāĻšāĻžāϏāĻŋāĻ āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻļ, āĻāύā§āϤāϰā§āĻāĻžāϤāĻŋāĻ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāώā§āĻ āĻžāύ, āĻĒā§āĻļāĻžāĻāϤ āϏāύāĻĻāĻžā§āύ, āĻāϧā§āύāĻŋāĻ āĻāĻžāϰā§āϝāĻĒāϰāĻŋāϧāĻŋ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻžāĻĻā§āĻļā§āϰ āϏāϰāĻāĻžāϰāĻŋ āϏā§āĻŦāĻžāϏā§āĻĨā§āϝāĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāϏā§āĻĨāĻžā§ āĻāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāϤāĻŋāώā§āĻ āĻžāύāĻŋāĻ āĻĒā§āϰā§ā§āĻāύā§ā§āϤāĻž āĻāϞā§āĻāύāĻž āĻāϰāĻž āĻšā§ā§āĻā§āĨ¤
āϏā§āĻāĻ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻâāĻŦāĻžā§ā§āĻŽā§āĻĄāĻŋāĻā§āϝāĻžāϞ āĻāĻā§āĻāĻŋāύāĻŋā§āĻžāϰāĻŋāĻ, āĻā§āϞāĻŋāύāĻŋāĻā§āϝāĻžāϞ āĻāĻā§āĻāĻŋāύāĻŋā§āĻžāϰāĻŋāĻ, āϏā§āĻŦāĻžāϏā§āĻĨā§āϝāĻĒā§āϰāϝā§āĻā§āϤāĻŋ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāϏā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāύāĻž, āĻŽā§āĻĄāĻŋāĻā§āϞ āĻĄāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻāϏ, āϰā§āĻā§ āύāĻŋāϰāĻžāĻĒāϤā§āϤāĻž, āĻĒā§āĻļāĻžāĻāϤ āϏāύāĻĻāĻžā§āύāĨ¤
I. āĻā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻāĻž
āĻāϧā§āύāĻŋāĻ āĻāĻŋāĻāĻŋā§āϏāĻžāϏā§āĻŦāĻž āĻŽā§āĻĄāĻŋāĻā§āϞ āĻĄāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻāϏ, āϏāĻĢāĻāĻā§ā§āϝāĻžāϰ, āϤāĻĨā§āϝāĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāϏā§āĻĨāĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻĒā§āϰāĻā§āĻļāϞ āĻ
āĻŦāĻāĻžāĻ āĻžāĻŽā§āϰ āĻāĻĒāϰ āĻā§āϰāĻŽāĻļ āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻāϰāĻļā§āϞ āĻšā§ā§ āĻāĻ āĻā§āĨ¤ āϰā§āĻ āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻŖā§, āύāĻŋāĻŦāĻŋā§ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻāϰā§āϝāĻž, āϏāĻžāϰā§āĻāĻžāϰāĻŋ, āĻ
ā§āϝāĻžāύā§āϏāĻĨā§āĻļāĻŋā§āĻž, āĻĄāĻžā§āĻžāϞāĻžāĻāϏāĻŋāϏ, āĻĒā§āύāϰā§āĻŦāĻžāϏāύ āĻāĻŦāĻ āϰā§āĻā§ āĻĒāϰā§āϝāĻŦā§āĻā§āώāĻŖā§āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻāĻŋ āĻĒāϰā§āϝāĻžā§ā§ āĻĒā§āϰāϝā§āĻā§āϤāĻŋāϰ āύāĻŋāϰāĻžāĻĒāĻĻ āĻ āϝāĻĨāĻžāϝāĻĨ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻĒā§āϰā§ā§āĻāύāĨ¤
American College of Clinical Engineering (ACCE)-āĻāϰ ⧧⧝⧝⧍ āϏāĻžāϞā§āϰ āϏāĻāĻā§āĻāĻž āĻ
āύā§āϝāĻžā§ā§, āĻā§āϞāĻŋāύāĻŋāĻā§āϝāĻžāϞ āĻāĻā§āĻāĻŋāύāĻŋā§āĻžāϰ āĻšāϞā§āύ āĻāĻŽāύ āĻāĻāĻāύ āĻĒā§āĻļāĻžāĻā§āĻŦā§, āϝāĻŋāύāĻŋ āϏā§āĻŦāĻžāϏā§āĻĨā§āϝāϏā§āĻŦāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāϝā§āĻā§āϤāĻŋāϤ⧠āĻĒā§āϰāĻā§āĻļāϞ āĻ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāϏā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāύāĻžāĻāϤ āĻĻāĻā§āώāϤāĻž āĻĒā§āϰā§ā§āĻ āĻāϰ⧠āϰā§āĻā§āϰ āϏā§āĻŦāĻžāĻā§ āϏāĻšāĻžā§āϤāĻž āĻ āĻāύā§āύāϤ āĻāϰā§āύāĨ¤ āĻā§āϞāĻŋāύāĻŋāĻā§āϝāĻžāϞ āĻāĻā§āĻāĻŋāύāĻŋā§āĻžāϰ āĻāĻŋāĻāĻŋā§āϏāĻ, āύāĻžāϰā§āϏ, āĻšāĻžāϏāĻĒāĻžāϤāĻžāϞ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļāĻžāϏāύ, āϤāĻĨā§āϝāĻĒā§āϰāϝā§āĻā§āϤāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ, āĻŽā§āĻĄāĻŋāĻā§āϞ āĻĄāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻāϏ āϏāϰāĻŦāϰāĻžāĻšāĻāĻžāϰ⧠āĻāĻŦāĻ āύāĻŋā§āύā§āϤā§āϰāĻ āϏāĻāϏā§āĻĨāĻžāϰ āĻŽāϧā§āϝ⧠āĻĒā§āϰāϝā§āĻā§āϤāĻŋāĻāϤ āϏā§āϤā§āĻŦāύā§āϧ āĻšāĻŋāϏā§āĻŦā§ āĻāĻžāĻ āĻāϰā§āύāĨ¤ [1]
II. āĻĒāϰā§āϝāĻžāϞā§āĻāύāĻž āĻĒāĻĻā§āϧāϤāĻŋ
āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŦāϰā§āĻŖāύāĻžāĻŽā§āϞāĻ āĻāϤāĻŋāĻšāĻžāϏāĻŋāĻ āĻ āύā§āϤāĻŋāĻāϤ āĻĒāϰā§āϝāĻžāϞā§āĻāύāĻžāĨ¤ āϤāĻĨā§āϝ āϏāĻāĻā§āϰāĻšā§ āĻŽā§āϞ āĻāĻŦā§āώāĻŖāĻžāĻĒāϤā§āϰ, peer-reviewed journal article āĻāĻŦāĻ ACCE, HTCC, AAMI, IFMBE, WHO, āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻžāĻĻā§āĻļā§āϰ āϏā§āĻŦāĻžāϏā§āĻĨā§āϝ āĻ
āϧāĻŋāĻĻāĻĒā§āϤāϰ āĻ World Bank-āĻāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāϤāĻŋāώā§āĻ āĻžāύāĻŋāĻ āĻĒā§āϰāĻāĻžāĻļāύāĻž āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰāĻž āĻšā§ā§āĻā§āĨ¤ āĻāϤāĻŋāĻšāĻžāϏāĻŋāĻ āĻĻāĻžāĻŦāĻŋāϰ āĻā§āώā§āϤā§āϰ⧠āϏāĻŽā§āĻāĻŦ āĻšāϞ⧠āĻŽā§āϞ āĻŦāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻĨāĻŽāĻŋāĻ āĻā§āϏ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻŦāϰā§āϤāĻŽāĻžāύ āĻĒā§āĻļāĻžāĻāϤ āϏāύāĻĻ āĻ āύā§āϤāĻŋāϰ āĻā§āώā§āϤā§āϰ⧠⧍ā§Ļ⧍ā§Ŧ āϏāĻžāϞā§āϰ āϏāϰā§āĻŦāĻļā§āώ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāϤāĻŋāώā§āĻ āĻžāύāĻŋāĻ āύāĻĨāĻŋāĻā§ āĻ
āĻā§āϰāĻžāϧāĻŋāĻāĻžāϰ āĻĻā§āĻā§āĻž āĻšā§ā§āĻā§āĨ¤ āϤāĻĨā§āϝ ⧧⧍ āĻā§āϞāĻžāĻ ā§¨ā§Ļ⧍ā§Ŧ āĻĒāϰā§āϝāύā§āϤ āĻšāĻžāϞāύāĻžāĻāĻžāĻĻ āĻāϰāĻž āĻšā§ā§āĻā§āĨ¤
III. āĻāĻŋāĻāĻŋā§āϏāĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻā§āĻāĻžāύ⧠āĻĒā§āϰāĻā§āĻļāϞā§āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻĨāĻŽāĻŋāĻ āĻĒā§āϰā§ā§āĻ
A. āϰāĻā§āϤāĻāĻžāĻĒ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻĒ
āĻā§āϞāĻŋāύāĻŋāĻā§āϝāĻžāϞ āĻāĻā§āĻāĻŋāύāĻŋā§āĻžāϰāĻŋāĻ āĻāϧā§āύāĻŋāĻ āĻĒā§āĻļāĻž āĻšāϞā§āĻ āĻāĻŋāĻāĻŋā§āϏāĻžā§ āĻĒā§āϰāĻā§āĻļāϞ āĻ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻĒāĻŦāĻŋāĻā§āĻāĻžāύā§āϰ āĻĒā§āϰā§ā§āĻ āĻŦāĻšā§ āĻĒā§āϰā§āύā§āĨ¤ ā§§ā§ā§Šā§Š āϏāĻžāϞ⧠Stephen Hales āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻā§ā§āĻžāϰ āϧāĻŽāύāĻŋāϤ⧠āĻāĻžāĻā§āϰ āύāϞ āĻĒā§āϰāĻŦā§āĻļ āĻāϰāĻŋā§ā§ āϏāϰāĻžāϏāϰāĻŋ āϧāĻŽāύā§ā§ āϰāĻā§āϤāĻāĻžāĻĒ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻĒ āĻāϰā§āύāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāĻāϰ āĻĒāϰā§āĻā§āώāĻž āĻāϧā§āύāĻŋāĻ āĻšā§āĻŽā§āĻĄāĻžāĻāύāĻžāĻŽāĻŋāĻ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻĒā§āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻĨāĻŽāĻŋāĻ āĻāĻŋāϤā§āϤāĻŋāĻā§āϞā§āϰ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻšāĻŋāϏā§āĻŦā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦā§āĻāĻŋāϤ āĻšā§āĨ¤ Hales āĻŦāĻĻā§āϧ āϏā§āĻĨāĻžāύ, āĻāĻžāĻšāĻžāĻ āĻ āĻāĻžāϰāĻžāĻāĻžāϰ⧠āĻŦāĻžā§ā§ āĻāϞāĻžāĻāϞ āĻāύā§āύāϤ āĻāϰāĻžāϰ āĻāύā§āϝ āϝāĻžāύā§āϤā§āϰāĻŋāĻ āĻŦāĻžā§ā§āĻĒā§āϰāĻŦāĻžāĻš āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāϏā§āĻĨāĻž āύāĻŋā§ā§āĻ āĻāĻžāĻ āĻāϰā§āĻāĻŋāϞā§āύ; āϤāĻŦā§ āϤāĻžāĻāĻā§ āĻāϧā§āύāĻŋāĻ āϰā§āĻā§-āĻā§āύā§āĻāĻŋāϞā§āĻāϰā§āϰ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāώā§āĻāĻžāϰāĻ āĻŦāϞāĻž āϝāĻĨāĻžāϰā§āĻĨ āύā§āĨ¤ [2]
B. āĻāĻā§āϏ-āϰ⧠āĻĒā§āϰāϝā§āĻā§āϤāĻŋ
ā§§ā§Žā§¯ā§Ģ āϏāĻžāϞ⧠Wilhelm Conrad RÃļntgen āĻ
āĻāĻžāύāĻž āĻāĻāϧāϰāύā§āϰ āĻā§āĻĻāĻā§āώāĻŽ āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻŋāϰāĻŖ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāώā§āĻāĻžāϰ āĻāϰā§āύ, āϝāĻž āĻĒāϰāĻŦāϰā§āϤā§āĻāĻžāϞ⧠āĻāĻā§āϏ-āϰ⧠āύāĻžāĻŽā§ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻāĻŋāϤ āĻšā§āĨ¤ āĻāϰ āĻŽāĻžāϧā§āϝāĻŽā§ āĻ
āϏā§āϤā§āϰā§āĻĒāĻāĻžāϰ āĻāĻžā§āĻžāĻ āĻŽāĻžāύāĻŦāĻĻā§āĻšā§āϰ āĻ
āĻā§āϝāύā§āϤāϰā§āĻŖ āĻāĻ āύ āĻĒāϰā§āϝāĻŦā§āĻā§āώāĻŖ āϏāĻŽā§āĻāĻŦ āĻšā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāϧā§āύāĻŋāĻ āĻŽā§āĻĄāĻŋāĻā§āϞ āĻāĻŽā§āĻāĻŋāĻā§ā§āϰ āĻāĻŋāϤā§āϤāĻŋ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāώā§āĻ āĻŋāϤ āĻšā§āĨ¤ [3]
C. āĻāϞā§āĻāĻā§āϰā§āĻāĻžāϰā§āĻĄāĻŋāĻāĻā§āϰāĻžāĻĢāĻŋ
⧧⧝ā§Ļā§Š āϏāĻžāϞ⧠Willem Einthoven āĻā§āώā§āĻĻā§āϰ āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āϝā§āϤāĻŋāĻ āϏāĻāĻā§āϤ āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻā§āϞāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻĒā§āϰ āĻāύā§āϝ string galvanometer āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻŽāĻžāĻŖ āĻāϰā§āύāĨ¤ āĻāϰ āĻĢāϞ⧠āĻāϞā§āĻāĻā§āϰā§āĻāĻžāϰā§āĻĄāĻŋāĻāĻā§āϰāĻžāĻŽ (ECG) āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰāĻŋāĻ āĻā§āϞāĻŋāύāĻŋāĻā§āϝāĻžāϞ āĻĒā§āϰāϝā§āĻā§āϤāĻŋāϤ⧠āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŖāϤ āĻšā§āĨ¤ ECG-āĻŦāĻŋāώā§āĻ āĻ
āĻŦāĻĻāĻžāύā§āϰ āĻāύā§āϝ āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ ⧧⧝⧍ā§Ē āϏāĻžāϞ⧠āĻāĻŋāĻāĻŋā§āϏāĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻā§āĻāĻžāύ⧠āύā§āĻŦā§āϞ āĻĒā§āϰāϏā§āĻāĻžāϰ āϞāĻžāĻ āĻāϰā§āύāĨ¤ [4]
āĻāϏāĻŦ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāώā§āĻāĻžāϰā§āϰ āĻĒāϰ āϰā§āĻā§ āĻŽāύāĻŋāĻāϰ, āĻĄāĻŋāĻĢāĻŋāĻŦā§āϰāĻŋāϞā§āĻāϰ, āĻĄāĻžā§āĻžāϞāĻžāĻāϏāĻŋāϏ āĻŽā§āĻļāĻŋāύ, āĻ
ā§āϝāĻžāύā§āϏāĻĨā§āĻļāĻŋā§āĻž āĻŽā§āĻļāĻŋāύ, āĻĒā§āϏāĻŽā§āĻāĻžāϰ, āĻāύāĻĢāĻŋāĻāĻļāύ āĻĒāĻžāĻŽā§āĻĒ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻā§āϤā§āϰāĻŋāĻŽ āĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāϏ-āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāϏ āĻĒā§āϰāϝā§āĻā§āϤāĻŋāϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻļ āĻšāĻžāϏāĻĒāĻžāϤāĻžāϞāĻā§āϞā§āĻā§ āĻā§āϰāĻŽā§ āĻĒā§āϰāĻā§āĻļāϞāύāĻŋāϰā§āĻāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāώā§āĻ āĻžāύ⧠āϰā§āĻĒāĻžāύā§āϤāϰāĻŋāϤ āĻāϰā§āĨ¤
IV. āĻŦāĻžā§ā§āĻŽā§āĻĄāĻŋāĻā§āϝāĻžāϞ āĻāĻā§āĻāĻŋāύāĻŋā§āĻžāϰāĻŋāĻā§ā§āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāϤāĻŋāώā§āĻ āĻžāύāĻŋāĻ āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻļ
āĻāĻŋāĻāĻŋā§āϏāĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻā§āĻāĻžāύ āĻ āĻĒā§āϰāĻā§āĻļāϞā§āϰ āĻŽāϧā§āϝ⧠āĻāύā§āώā§āĻ āĻžāύāĻŋāĻ āϏāĻšāϝā§āĻāĻŋāϤāĻž āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻļ āĻļāϤāĻžāĻŦā§āĻĻā§āϰ āĻŽāĻžāĻāĻžāĻŽāĻžāĻāĻŋ āϏāĻŽā§ā§ āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋ āĻĒāĻžā§āĨ¤ ⧧⧝ā§Ēā§Ž āϏāĻžāϞ⧠āĻāĻŋāĻāĻŋā§āϏāĻžā§ āĻāϞā§āĻāĻā§āϰāύāĻŋāĻāϏ āĻ āĻĒā§āϰāĻā§āĻļāϞā§āϰ āĻĒā§āϰā§ā§āĻ āύāĻŋā§ā§ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāύā§āϤāĻāϏāĻŽāĻŋāϤāĻŋ āϏāĻāĻž āĻ
āύā§āώā§āĻ āĻŋāϤ āĻšā§ā§āĻāĻŋāϞ āĻŦāϞ⧠āĻāϤāĻŋāĻšāĻžāϏāĻŋāĻ āĻĒāϰā§āϝāĻžāϞā§āĻāύāĻžā§ āĻāϞā§āϞā§āĻ āĻāϰāĻž āĻšā§ā§āĻā§āĨ¤ [5]
⧧⧝ā§Ģ⧝ āϏāĻžāϞ⧠āĻĒā§āϝāĻžāϰāĻŋāϏ⧠āĻ
āύā§āώā§āĻ āĻŋāϤ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāϤā§ā§ International Conference of Medical and Biological Engineering-āĻ āĻāĻŋāĻāĻŋā§āϏāĻ, āĻĒā§āϰāĻā§āĻļāϞ⧠āĻ āĻĒāĻĻāĻžāϰā§āĻĨāĻŦāĻŋāĻā§āĻāĻžāύā§āϰāĻž International Federation for Medical Electronics and Biological Engineering āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāώā§āĻ āĻž āĻāϰā§āύāĨ¤ āĻĒāϰāĻŦāϰā§āϤā§āĻāĻžāϞ⧠āĻāϰ āύāĻžāĻŽ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāϰā§āϤāĻŋāϤ āĻšā§ā§ International Federation for Medical and Biological Engineering (IFMBE) āĻšā§āĨ¤ [6]
IFMBE-āĻāϰ Clinical Engineering Division āϏā§āĻŦāĻžāϏā§āĻĨā§āϝāϏā§āĻŦāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāϝā§āĻā§āϤāĻŋāϰ āĻā§āĻŦāύāĻāĻā§āϰ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāϏā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāύāĻž, āĻĒā§āĻļāĻžāĻāϤ āϏāĻā§āώāĻŽāϤāĻž, āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āώāĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāύā§āϤāϰā§āĻāĻžāϤāĻŋāĻ āϏāĻšāϝā§āĻāĻŋāϤāĻžā§ āĻāĻžāĻ āĻāϰāĻā§āĨ¤ [7]
V. âāĻā§āϞāĻŋāύāĻŋāĻā§āϝāĻžāϞ āĻāĻā§āĻāĻŋāύāĻŋā§āĻžāϰāĻŋāĻâ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻāĻžāώāĻžāϰ āϏā§āĻāύāĻž
âClinical Engineeringâ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻāĻžāώāĻžāĻāĻŋāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻĨāĻŽāĻŋāĻ āĻ āĻŦāĻšā§āϞ āĻāĻĻā§āϧā§āϤ āĻĒā§āϰāĻāĻžāĻļāĻŋāϤ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻĒāĻžāĻā§āĻž āϝāĻžā§ James R. Landoll āĻ āĻšā§āĻĻāϰā§āĻ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āώāĻā§āĻ Cesar A. Caceres-āĻāϰ ⧧⧝ā§Ŧ⧝ āϏāĻžāϞā§āϰ āĻāĻŦā§āώāĻŖāĻžāĻĒāϤā§āϰā§āĨ¤ âAutomation of Data Acquisition in Patient Testingâ āĻļāĻŋāϰā§āύāĻžāĻŽā§āϰ āύāĻŋāĻŦāύā§āϧāĻāĻŋ Proceedings of the IEEE-āĻāϰ ā§Ģā§āϤāĻŽ āĻāĻŖā§āĻĄā§āϰ ā§§ā§§āϤāĻŽ āϏāĻāĻā§āϝāĻžā§ āĻĒā§āϰāĻāĻžāĻļāĻŋāϤ āĻšā§āĨ¤ [8]
Caceres-āĻā§ āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻāĻžāώāĻžāĻāĻŋāϰ āĻ
āύā§āϝāϤāĻŽ āĻĒā§āϰāĻŦāϰā§āϤāĻ āĻšāĻŋāϏā§āĻŦā§ āϏā§āĻŦā§āĻā§āϤāĻŋ āĻĻā§āĻā§āĻž āĻšā§āĨ¤ āϤāĻžāĻāϰ āĻĻā§āώā§āĻāĻŋāĻāĻā§āĻāĻŋāϤ⧠āĻā§āϞāĻŋāύāĻŋāĻā§āϝāĻžāϞ āĻāĻā§āĻāĻŋāύāĻŋā§āĻžāϰ āĻļā§āϧ⧠āϝāύā§āϤā§āϰ āĻŽā§āϰāĻžāĻŽāϤā§āϰ āĻĻāĻžā§āĻŋāϤā§āĻŦā§ āύāĻŋā§ā§āĻāĻŋāϤ āĻŦā§āϝāĻā§āϤāĻŋ āύāύ; āĻŦāϰāĻ āĻāĻŋāĻāĻŋā§āϏāĻžāϏā§āĻŦāĻžā§ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻĒā§āϰāϝā§āĻā§āϤāĻŋāϰ āĻŽā§āϞā§āϝāĻžā§āύ, āϏāĻāϝā§āĻāύ, āύāĻŋāϰāĻžāĻĒāϤā§āϤāĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻžāϰā§āϝāĻāĻžāϰāĻŋāϤāĻž āύāĻŋāĻļā§āĻāĻŋāϤāĻāĻžāϰ⧠āĻĒā§āϰāĻā§āĻļāϞ āĻĒā§āĻļāĻžāĻā§āĻŦā§āĨ¤
⧧⧝ā§ā§Ļ-āĻāϰ āĻĻāĻļāĻā§āϰ āĻļā§āϰā§āϤ⧠āϝā§āĻā§āϤāϰāĻžāώā§āĻā§āϰ⧠ā§Ģ,ā§Ļā§Ļā§Ļ āĻĨā§āĻā§ ā§Ž,ā§Ļā§Ļā§Ļ āĻā§āϞāĻŋāύāĻŋāĻā§āϝāĻžāϞ āĻāĻā§āĻāĻŋāύāĻŋā§āĻžāϰā§āϰ āĻĒā§āϰā§ā§āĻāύ āĻšāϤ⧠āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧠āĻŦāϞ⧠āĻ
āύā§āĻŽāĻžāύ āĻāϰāĻž āĻšā§ā§āĻāĻŋāϞāĨ¤ āϏ⧠āϏāĻŽā§ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋ ⧍ā§Ģā§ĻāĻāĻŋ āĻšāĻžāϏāĻĒāĻžāϤāĻžāϞ āĻļāϝā§āϝāĻžāϰ āĻāύā§āϝ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžā§ āĻāĻāĻāύ āĻā§āϞāĻŋāύāĻŋāĻā§āϝāĻžāϞ āĻāĻā§āĻāĻŋāύāĻŋā§āĻžāϰā§āϰ āĻĒā§āϰā§ā§āĻāύā§ā§āϤāĻžāϰ āĻāĻĨāĻžāĻ āĻāϞā§āĻāĻŋāϤ āĻšā§ā§āĻāĻŋāϞāĨ¤ āĻ āϧāϰāύā§āϰ āĻ
āύā§āĻŽāĻžāύ āĻŽā§āĻĄāĻŋāĻā§āϞ āĻĒā§āϰāϝā§āĻā§āϤāĻŋāϰ āĻĻā§āϰā§āϤ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒā§āϰāϏāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻšāĻžāϏāĻĒāĻžāϤāĻžāϞāĻāĻŋāϤā§āϤāĻŋāĻ āĻĒā§āϰāĻā§āĻļāϞ āϏā§āĻŦāĻžāϰ āĻā§āϰāĻŽāĻŦāϰā§āϧāĻŽāĻžāύ āĻā§āϰā§āϤā§āĻŦ āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻā§āĻļ āĻāϰā§āĻāĻŋāϞāĨ¤ [5]
VI. āĻšāĻžāϏāĻĒāĻžāϤāĻžāϞāĻāĻŋāϤā§āϤāĻŋāĻ āĻā§āϞāĻŋāύāĻŋāĻā§āϝāĻžāϞ āĻāĻā§āĻāĻŋāύāĻŋā§āĻžāϰāĻŋāĻ āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻā§āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻļ
⧧⧝ā§Ŧā§Ļ āĻ ā§§ā§¯ā§ā§Ļ-āĻāϰ āĻĻāĻļāĻā§ āĻšāĻžāϏāĻĒāĻžāϤāĻžāϞāĻā§āϞā§āϤ⧠āĻāϞā§āĻāĻā§āϰāύāĻŋāĻ āĻŽā§āĻĄāĻŋāĻā§āϞ āĻĄāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻāϏā§āϰ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻĻā§āϰā§āϤ āĻŦāĻžā§āϤ⧠āĻĨāĻžāĻā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻāĻ āϏāĻā§āĻā§ āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āϝā§āϤāĻŋāĻ āύāĻŋāϰāĻžāĻĒāϤā§āϤāĻž, āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻĒā§āϰ āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻā§āϞāϤāĻž, āĻā§āϝāĻžāϞāĻŋāĻŦā§āϰā§āĻļāύ, āϰāĻā§āώāĻŖāĻžāĻŦā§āĻā§āώāĻŖ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰāĻāĻžāϰ⧠āĻĒā§āϰāĻļāĻŋāĻā§āώāĻŖā§āϰ āĻĒā§āϰā§ā§āĻāύ āĻĻā§āĻāĻž āĻĻā§ā§āĨ¤
āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽ āĻĻāĻŋāĻā§āϰ Clinical Engineering Department-āĻā§āϞā§āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϧāĻžāύ āĻĻāĻžā§āĻŋāϤā§āĻŦ āĻāĻŋāϞ āϝāύā§āϤā§āϰāĻĒāĻžāϤāĻŋāϰ āϤāĻžāϞāĻŋāĻāĻž āϏāĻāϰāĻā§āώāĻŖ, āύāĻŋāϰāĻžāĻĒāϤā§āϤāĻž āĻĒāϰā§āĻā§āώāĻž, āϤā§āϰā§āĻāĻŋ āĻŽā§āϰāĻžāĻŽāϤ, āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāϰā§āϧāĻŽā§āϞāĻ āϰāĻā§āώāĻŖāĻžāĻŦā§āĻā§āώāĻŖ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻā§āϝāĻžāϞāĻŋāĻŦā§āϰā§āĻļāύāĨ¤ āĻŦāϰā§āϤāĻŽāĻžāύ⧠āĻĻāĻžā§āĻŋāϤā§āĻŦāĻā§āϞ⧠āĻŦāĻŋāϏā§āϤā§āϤ āĻšā§ā§ āύāĻŋāĻŽā§āύāϞāĻŋāĻāĻŋāϤ āĻŦāĻŋāώ⧠āĻ
āύā§āϤāϰā§āĻā§āĻā§āϤ āĻāϰā§āĻā§:
1. āĻĒā§āϰāϝā§āĻā§āϤāĻŋāϰ āĻĒā§āϰā§ā§āĻāύ āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻĒāĻŖ āĻ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻāϞā§āĻĒāύāĻž;
2. āĻĒā§āϰāϝā§āĻā§āϤāĻŋāĻāϤ āϏā§āĻĒā§āϏāĻŋāĻĢāĻŋāĻā§āĻļāύ āĻĒā§āϰāϏā§āϤā§āϤ;
3. āĻĻāϰāĻĒāϤā§āϰ āĻ āĻā§āϰā§āĻĒā§āϰāϏā§āϤāĻžāĻŦ āĻŽā§āϞā§āϝāĻžā§āύ;
4. āĻā§āϰāĻšāĻŖāϝā§āĻā§āϝāϤāĻž āĻĒāϰā§āĻā§āώāĻž āĻ āĻāĻŽāĻŋāĻļāύāĻŋāĻ;
5. āĻā§āϝāĻžāϞāĻŋāĻŦā§āϰā§āĻļāύ āĻ āĻāϰā§āĻŽāĻā§āώāĻŽāϤāĻž āϝāĻžāĻāĻžāĻ;
6. āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāϰā§āϧāĻŽā§āϞāĻ āĻ āϏāĻāĻļā§āϧāύāĻŽā§āϞāĻ āϰāĻā§āώāĻŖāĻžāĻŦā§āĻā§āώāĻŖ;
7. āĻŽā§āĻĄāĻŋāĻā§āϞ āĻĄāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻāϏāĻāύāĻŋāϤ āĻĻā§āϰā§āĻāĻāύāĻž āϤāĻĻāύā§āϤ;
8. āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰāĻāĻžāϰ⧠āĻĒā§āϰāĻļāĻŋāĻā§āώāĻŖ āĻ āĻŽāĻžāύāĻŦāĻŋāĻ āĻāĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻžāύ āĻŽā§āϞā§āϝāĻžā§āύ;
9. āĻā§āĻāĻāĻŋ, āĻŽāĻžāύ āĻ āύāĻŋā§āύā§āϤā§āϰāĻ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻĒāĻžāϞāύ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāϏā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāύāĻž; āĻāĻŦāĻ
10. āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāϏā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāύ āĻ āĻ
āĻŦāϏāĻžā§āύāϏāĻš āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŖ āĻā§āĻŦāύāĻāĻā§āϰ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāϏā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāύāĻžāĨ¤
WHO-āĻāϰ āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻā§āĻļāύāĻž āĻ
āύā§āϝāĻžā§ā§ āĻāĻžāϰā§āϝāĻāϰ āϰāĻā§āώāĻŖāĻžāĻŦā§āĻā§āώāĻŖ āĻāϰā§āĻŽāϏā§āĻāĻŋāϤ⧠āĻāϰā§āĻŽāĻā§āώāĻŽāϤāĻž āĻĒāϰā§āĻā§āώāĻž, āύāĻŋāϰāĻžāĻĒāϤā§āϤāĻž āĻĒāϰā§āĻā§āώāĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāϰā§āϧāĻŽā§āϞāĻ āĻ āϏāĻāĻļā§āϧāύāĻŽā§āϞāĻ āϰāĻā§āώāĻŖāĻžāĻŦā§āĻā§āώāĻŖ āĻ
āύā§āϤāϰā§āĻā§āĻā§āϤ āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻž āĻĒā§āϰā§ā§āĻāύāĨ¤ [9]
VII. āĻĒā§āĻļāĻžāĻāϤ āϏāĻāĻāĻ āύ āĻ āϏāύāĻĻāĻžā§āύ
A. āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻĨāĻŽāĻŋāĻ āϏāύāĻĻāĻžā§āύ
⧧⧝ā§ā§Ļ-āĻāϰ āĻĻāĻļāĻā§ Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation (AAMI)-āĻāϰ āĻĒā§āώā§āĻ āĻĒā§āώāĻāϤāĻžā§ āĻā§āϞāĻŋāύāĻŋāĻā§āϝāĻžāϞ āĻāĻā§āĻāĻŋāύāĻŋā§āĻžāϰāĻĻā§āϰ āĻāύā§āώā§āĻ āĻžāύāĻŋāĻ āϏāύāĻĻāĻžā§āύ āĻļā§āϰ⧠āĻšā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻāĻ āϏāĻŽā§ā§ American Board of Clinical Engineering (ABCE)-āĻ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āϏāύāĻĻ āĻāϰā§āĻŽāϏā§āĻāĻŋ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻāĻžāϞāύāĻž āĻāϰā§āĻāĻŋāϞāĨ¤ āĻĒāϰāĻŦāϰā§āϤā§āĻāĻžāϞ⧠āĻāϏāĻŦ āĻāϰā§āĻŽāϏā§āĻāĻŋ āĻāĻā§āĻā§āϤ āĻ āĻĒā§āύāϰā§āĻāĻ āĻŋāϤ āĻšā§āĨ¤ [5], [10]
AAMI ⧧⧝⧝⧝ āϏāĻžāϞā§āϰ ā§Šā§Ļ āĻā§āϞāĻžāĻā§ā§āϰ āĻĒāϰ āύāϤā§āύ Clinical Engineering Certification āĻāĻŦā§āĻĻāύ āĻā§āϰāĻšāĻŖ āĻŦāύā§āϧ āĻāϰāĻžāϰ āϏāĻŋāĻĻā§āϧāĻžāύā§āϤ āύā§ā§āĨ¤ [11]
B. ACCE āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāώā§āĻ āĻž
ā§§ā§¯ā§Žā§¯ āϏāĻžāϞ⧠AAMI āϏāĻŽā§āĻŽā§āϞāύ⧠āĻā§āϞāĻŋāύāĻŋāĻā§āϝāĻžāϞ āĻāĻā§āĻāĻŋāύāĻŋā§āĻžāϰāĻĻā§āϰ āĻāύā§āϝ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āϏā§āĻŦāϤāύā§āϤā§āϰ āĻĒā§āĻļāĻžāĻā§āĻŦā§ āϏāĻāĻāĻ āύ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāώā§āĻ āĻžāϰ āĻāϞā§āĻāύāĻž āĻļā§āϰ⧠āĻšā§āĨ¤ āϧāĻžāϰāĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ āϏāĻžāĻāĻāĻ āύāĻŋāĻ āϏāĻāĻžāϰ āĻĒāϰ American College of Clinical Engineering (ACCE) ⧧⧝⧝ā§Ļ āϏāĻžāϞā§āϰ ⧧⧝ āĻā§āύ āϝā§āĻā§āϤāϰāĻžāώā§āĻā§āϰ⧠āĻāύā§āώā§āĻ āĻžāύāĻŋāĻāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āύāĻŋāĻŦāύā§āϧāĻŋāϤ āĻšā§āĨ¤ [12]
C. āĻāϧā§āύāĻŋāĻ CCE āĻāϰā§āĻŽāϏā§āĻāĻŋ
⧍ā§Ļā§Ļ⧍ āϏāĻžāϞ⧠Healthcare Technology Certification Commission (HTCC) āĻāĻ āύā§āϰ āĻŽāĻžāϧā§āϝāĻŽā§ āĻāϧā§āύāĻŋāĻ Certification in Clinical Engineering (CCE) āĻāϰā§āĻŽāϏā§āĻāĻŋ āĻĒā§āύāĻāĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāώā§āĻ āĻž āĻāϰāĻž āĻšā§āĨ¤ [10]
⧍ā§Ļ⧍ā§Ŧ āϏāĻžāϞā§āϰ HTCC āĻāĻžāĻ āĻžāĻŽā§āϤ⧠āϤāĻŋāύāĻāĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻĨāĻ āĻĒā§āĻļāĻžāĻāϤ āϏāύāĻĻ āϰā§ā§āĻā§:
âĸ Clinical Technology Professional (CTP): āĻ
āĻāĻŋāĻā§āĻ āĻĒā§āϰāϝā§āĻā§āϤāĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻļāĻžāĻā§āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āϰ āĻāύā§āϝ;
âĸ Associate Clinical Engineer (ACE): āĻĒā§āĻļāĻžāĻā§āĻŦāύā§āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻĨāĻŽāĻŋāĻ āĻĒāϰā§āϝāĻžā§ā§āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻā§āĻļāϞā§āĻĻā§āϰ āĻāύā§āϝ;
âĸ Certified Clinical Engineer (CCE): āĻāύā§āύāϤ āĻĻāĻā§āώāϤāĻž, āύā§āϤā§āϤā§āĻŦ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻŦāĻŋāϏā§āϤā§āϤ āĻā§āϞāĻŋāύāĻŋāĻā§āϝāĻžāϞ āĻāĻā§āĻāĻŋāύāĻŋā§āĻžāϰāĻŋāĻ āĻ
āĻāĻŋāĻā§āĻāϤāĻžāϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāύā§āύ āĻĒā§āĻļāĻžāĻā§āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āϰ āĻāύā§āϝāĨ¤
CTP āĻ ACE āĻŦāϰā§āϤāĻŽāĻžāύ⧠āϝā§āĻā§āϤāϰāĻžāώā§āĻā§āϰā§āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāϰā§āĻĨā§āĻĻā§āϰ āĻāύā§āϝ āύāĻŋāϰā§āϧāĻžāϰāĻŋāϤāĨ¤ CTP āĻ ACE-āĻāϰ āĻā§āώā§āϤā§āϰ⧠āϞāĻŋāĻāĻŋāϤ āĻĒāϰā§āĻā§āώāĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ CCE-āĻāϰ āĻā§āώā§āϤā§āϰ⧠āϞāĻŋāĻāĻŋāϤ āĻĒāϰā§āĻā§āώāĻžāϰ āĻĒāϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāϏā§āĻĨāĻŋāϤāĻŋāĻāĻŋāϤā§āϤāĻŋāĻ āĻŽā§āĻāĻŋāĻ āĻĒāϰā§āĻā§āώāĻž āϰā§ā§āĻā§āĨ¤ ⧍ā§Ļ⧍ā§Ŧ āϏāĻžāϞ āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻĒāϰā§āĻā§āώāĻžāĻā§āϞ⧠āύāĻŋāϰāĻžāĻĒāĻĻ āĻāĻžāϰā§āĻā§ā§āĻžāϞ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦā§āĻļā§ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻāĻžāϞāĻŋāϤ āĻšāĻā§āĻā§āĨ¤ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻāĻŋ HTCC āϏāύāĻĻā§āϰ āĻŽā§ā§āĻžāĻĻ āϤāĻŋāύ āĻŦāĻāϰ āĻāĻŦāĻ āϧāĻžāϰāĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ āĻĒā§āĻļāĻžāĻāϤ āĻāύā§āύā§āύā§āϰ āĻāĻŋāϤā§āϤāĻŋāϤ⧠āύāĻŦāĻžā§āύ āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻšā§āĨ¤ [13]
AAMI Certification Institute āĻŦāϰā§āϤāĻŽāĻžāύ⧠CABT, CBET, CRES, CHTM āĻāĻŦāĻ CISS āϏāύāĻĻ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻāĻžāϞāύāĻž āĻāϰā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻā§āϞ⧠āĻā§āϞāĻŋāύāĻŋāĻā§āϝāĻžāϞ āĻāĻā§āĻāĻŋāύāĻŋā§āĻžāϰāĻŋāĻā§ā§āϰ CCE āϏāύāĻĻ āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻĒā§āĻĨāĻ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻŽā§āϞāϤ āĻŦāĻžā§ā§āĻŽā§āĻĄāĻŋāĻā§āϝāĻžāϞ āĻĒā§āϰāϝā§āĻā§āϤāĻŋ, āϝāύā§āϤā§āϰāϏā§āĻŦāĻž, āϰā§āĻĄāĻŋāĻāϞāĻāĻŋ āĻĒā§āϰāϝā§āĻā§āϤāĻŋ, āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāϏā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāύāĻž āĻ āϏā§āĻā§āϰāĻŋāϞāĻžāĻāĻā§āĻļāύ-āϏāĻāĻļā§āϞāĻŋāώā§āĻ āĻĻāĻā§āώāϤāĻžāĻā§ āϏā§āĻŦā§āĻā§āϤāĻŋ āĻĻā§ā§āĨ¤ [14]
VIII. Health Technology Management-āĻ āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦāϰā§āϤāύ
āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻĨāĻŽāĻŋāĻ āĻā§āϞāĻŋāύāĻŋāĻā§āϝāĻžāϞ āĻāĻā§āĻāĻŋāύāĻŋā§āĻžāϰāĻŋāĻ āϏā§āĻŦāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāϧāĻžāύāϤ āϝāύā§āϤā§āϰ āĻŽā§āϰāĻžāĻŽāϤ āĻ āύāĻŋāϰāĻžāĻĒāϤā§āϤāĻž āĻĒāϰā§āĻā§āώāĻžāĻā§āύā§āĻĻā§āϰāĻŋāĻ āĻāĻŋāϞāĨ¤ āĻāϧā§āύāĻŋāĻ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāϏā§āĻĨāĻžā§ āĻĒā§āϰāϝā§āĻā§āϤāĻŋāϰ āĻĒā§āϰā§ā§āĻāύ āύāĻŋāϰā§āϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāϏā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāύ āĻ āĻ
āĻŦāϏāĻžā§āύ āĻĒāϰā§āϝāύā§āϤ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŖ āĻā§āĻŦāύāĻāĻā§āϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻāĻžāϞāύāĻž āĻāϰāĻž āĻšā§āĨ¤
WHO āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāϤ Health Technology Management (HTM) āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻāĻžāώāĻž āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰā§āĨ¤ āĻ
āύā§āϝāĻĻāĻŋāĻā§ AAMI-āϏāĻš āϝā§āĻā§āϤāϰāĻžāώā§āĻā§āϰā§āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻŋāύā§āύ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāώā§āĻ āĻžāύ Healthcare Technology Management āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻāϏāĻŽāώā§āĻāĻŋ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻā§ āĻā§āώā§āϤā§āϰā§āĻ āĻĒā§āϰāϝā§āĻā§āϤāĻŋāϰ āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻŦāĻžāĻāύ, āϏāĻāĻā§āϰāĻš, āĻā§āϰāĻšāĻŖāϝā§āĻā§āϝāϤāĻž āĻĒāϰā§āĻā§āώāĻž, āĻāύāĻā§āύā§āĻāϰāĻŋ, āύāĻŋāϰāĻžāĻĒāĻĻ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ, āϰāĻā§āώāĻŖāĻžāĻŦā§āĻā§āώāĻŖ, āĻā§āĻāĻāĻŋ āύāĻŋā§āύā§āϤā§āϰāĻŖ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ
āĻŦāϏāĻžā§āύ āĻ
āύā§āϤāϰā§āĻā§āĻā§āϤāĨ¤
WHO-āĻāϰ āĻŽāϤā§, āĻĒā§āϰāĻļāĻŋāĻā§āώāĻŋāϤ āĻ āϝā§āĻā§āϝ āĻŦāĻžā§ā§āĻŽā§āĻĄāĻŋāĻā§āϝāĻžāϞ āĻāĻā§āĻāĻŋāύāĻŋā§āĻžāϰāĻŋāĻ āĻĒā§āĻļāĻžāĻā§āĻŦā§ āĻŽā§āĻĄāĻŋāĻā§āϞ āĻĄāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻāϏā§āϰ āύāĻāĻļāĻž, āĻŽā§āϞā§āϝāĻžā§āύ, āύāĻŋā§āύā§āϤā§āϰāĻŖ, āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāϏā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāύāĻž, āϰāĻā§āώāĻŖāĻžāĻŦā§āĻā§āώāĻŖ āĻāĻŦāĻ āύāĻŋāϰāĻžāĻĒāĻĻ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰā§āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļāĻŋāĻā§āώāĻŖā§ āĻĒā§āϰā§ā§āĻāύā§ā§āĨ¤ WHO-āĻāϰ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ⧠âBiomedical Engineerâ āϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāĻžāϰ āĻŽāϧā§āϝ⧠āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻŋāύā§āύ āĻĻā§āĻļā§āϰ clinical engineer, medical engineer āĻāĻŦāĻ āϏāĻāĻļā§āϞāĻŋāώā§āĻ āĻĒā§āϰāϝā§āĻā§āϤāĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻļāĻžāĻā§āĻŦā§āϰāĻžāĻ āĻ
āύā§āϤāϰā§āĻā§āĻā§āϤāĨ¤ [15]
IX. āϰā§āĻā§ āύāĻŋāϰāĻžāĻĒāϤā§āϤāĻžā§ āĻā§āϞāĻŋāύāĻŋāĻā§āϝāĻžāϞ āĻāĻā§āĻāĻŋāύāĻŋā§āĻžāϰāĻŋāĻ
āĻ
āύā§āĻĒāϝā§āĻā§āϤ āĻŽā§āĻĄāĻŋāĻā§āϞ āĻĄāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻāϏ āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻŦāĻžāĻāύ, āĻā§āϞ āϏā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāύ, āĻā§āϝāĻžāϞāĻŋāĻŦā§āϰā§āĻļāύā§āϰ āĻāĻžāĻāϤāĻŋ, āĻ
āĻĒāϰā§āϝāĻžāĻĒā§āϤ āϰāĻā§āώāĻŖāĻžāĻŦā§āĻā§āώāĻŖ āĻ
āĻĨāĻŦāĻž āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰāĻāĻžāϰā§āϰ āĻā§āϞ āϰā§āĻā§āϰ āĻāύā§āϝ āĻā§āĻāĻāĻŋ āϤā§āϰāĻŋ āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻĒāĻžāϰā§āĨ¤ āĻā§āϞāĻŋāύāĻŋāĻā§āϝāĻžāϞ āĻāĻā§āĻāĻŋāύāĻŋā§āĻžāϰāĻŋāĻ āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ āĻāϏāĻŦ āĻā§āĻāĻāĻŋ āύāĻŋā§āύā§āϤā§āϰāĻŖā§ āύāĻŋāĻŽā§āύāϞāĻŋāĻāĻŋāϤ āĻāĻžāĻ āĻāϰā§:
1. āĻ
āύāĻŋāϰāĻžāĻĒāĻĻ āĻŦāĻž āϤā§āϰā§āĻāĻŋāĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŖ āϝāύā§āϤā§āϰ āĻļāύāĻžāĻā§āϤāĻāϰāĻŖ;
2. āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻĒā§āϰ āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻā§āϞāϤāĻž āĻ āĻāϰā§āĻŽāĻā§āώāĻŽāϤāĻž āϝāĻžāĻāĻžāĻ;
3. āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āϝā§āϤāĻŋāĻ, āϝāĻžāύā§āϤā§āϰāĻŋāĻ āĻ āϏāĻĢāĻāĻā§ā§āϝāĻžāϰāĻāύāĻŋāϤ āĻā§āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŽā§āϞā§āϝāĻžā§āύ;
4. āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰāĻāĻžāϰ⧠āĻĒā§āϰāĻļāĻŋāĻā§āώāĻŖ;
5. āϝāύā§āϤā§āϰāĻāύāĻŋāϤ āĻāĻāύāĻž āĻ āĻĻā§āϰā§āĻāĻāύāĻž āϤāĻĻāύā§āϤ;
6. āĻĒā§āϰāϏā§āϤā§āϤāĻāĻžāϰāĻā§āϰ recall āĻ safety notice āĻŦāĻžāϏā§āϤāĻŦāĻžā§āύ;
7. āĻā§āĻŦāύāϰāĻā§āώāĻžāĻāĻžāϰ⧠āϝāύā§āϤā§āϰā§āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻĒā§āϝāϤāĻž āύāĻŋāĻļā§āĻāĻŋāϤ āĻāϰāĻž; āĻāĻŦāĻ
8. āϰāĻā§āώāĻŖāĻžāĻŦā§āĻā§āώāĻŖ, āĻā§āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻ āĻāϰā§āĻŽāĻā§āώāĻŽāϤāĻžāϰ āύāĻĨāĻŋ āϏāĻāϰāĻā§āώāĻŖāĨ¤
WHO-āĻāϰ āĻŽā§āĻĄāĻŋāĻā§āϞ āĻĄāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻāϏ āĻŦāĻŋāώā§āĻ āĻĒā§āϰāĻāĻžāĻļāύāĻžāĻā§āϞā§āϤ⧠āĻŽāĻžāύāĻŦāϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻĻ, āĻāύāĻā§āύā§āĻāϰāĻŋ, āϰāĻā§āώāĻŖāĻžāĻŦā§āĻā§āώāĻŖ āĻāĻŦāĻ āύāĻŋāϰāĻžāĻĒāĻĻ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰā§āϰ āϏāĻŽāύā§āĻŦāĻŋāϤ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāϏā§āĻĨāĻžāĻā§ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻžāϰā§āϝāĻāϰ āϏā§āĻŦāĻžāϏā§āĻĨā§āϝāĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāϏā§āĻĨāĻžāϰ āĻā§āϰā§āϤā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŖ āĻ
āĻāĻļ āĻšāĻŋāϏā§āĻŦā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦā§āĻāύāĻž āĻāϰāĻž āĻšā§ā§āĻā§āĨ¤ [9], [15]
X. āĻā§āĻāĻŋāĻĄ-⧧⧝ āĻŽāĻšāĻžāĻŽāĻžāϰāĻŋāϤ⧠āĻā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻāĻž
āĻā§āĻāĻŋāĻĄ-⧧⧝ āĻŽāĻšāĻžāĻŽāĻžāϰāĻŋāϰ āϏāĻŽā§ āĻā§āύā§āĻāĻŋāϞā§āĻāϰ, āĻ
āĻā§āϏāĻŋāĻā§āύ āĻāύāϏā§āύāĻā§āϰā§āĻāϰ, āĻĒāĻžāϞāϏ āĻ
āĻā§āϏāĻŋāĻŽāĻŋāĻāĻžāϰ, āϰā§āĻā§ āĻŽāύāĻŋāĻāϰ, CPAP/BiPAP, high-flow nasal cannula āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻŽā§āĻĄāĻŋāĻā§āϞ āĻā§āϝāĻžāϏ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāϏā§āĻĨāĻžāϰ āĻĒā§āϰā§ā§āĻāύ āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻĒāĻāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋ āĻĒāĻžā§āĨ¤
āĻā§āϞāĻŋāύāĻŋāĻā§āϝāĻžāϞ āĻ āĻŦāĻžā§ā§āĻŽā§āĻĄāĻŋāĻā§āϝāĻžāϞ āĻāĻā§āĻāĻŋāύāĻŋā§āĻžāϰāĻŋāĻ āĻĒā§āĻļāĻžāĻā§āĻŦā§āϰāĻž āĻāϰā§āϰāĻŋ āϝāύā§āϤā§āϰ āϏā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāύ, āĻā§āϰāĻšāĻŖāϝā§āĻā§āϝāϤāĻž āĻĒāϰā§āĻā§āώāĻž, āĻ
āĻā§āϏāĻŋāĻā§āύ āĻ
āĻŦāĻāĻžāĻ āĻžāĻŽā§ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻāĻžāϞāύāĻž, āĻŽā§āϰāĻžāĻŽāϤ, āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰāĻāĻžāϰ⧠āĻĒā§āϰāĻļāĻŋāĻā§āώāĻŖ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻŦāĻŋāĻāϞā§āĻĒ āĻĒā§āϰāϝā§āĻā§āϤāĻŋāϰ āĻā§āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŽā§āϞā§āϝāĻžā§āύ⧠āĻā§āϰā§āϤā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŖ āĻā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻāĻž āĻĒāĻžāϞāύ āĻāϰā§āύāĨ¤ WHO āĻŽāĻšāĻžāĻŽāĻžāϰāĻŋ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻā§āϰāĻŋā§āĻžāϰ āĻ
āĻāĻļ āĻšāĻŋāϏā§āĻŦā§ āĻ
āĻā§āϏāĻŋāĻā§āύ-āϏāĻāĻļā§āϞāĻŋāώā§āĻ āĻŽā§āĻĄāĻŋāĻā§āϞ āϝāύā§āϤā§āϰā§āϰ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŖ āĻā§āĻŦāύāĻāĻā§āϰ āύāĻŋā§ā§ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļāĻŋāĻā§āώāĻŖ āĻāĻĒāĻāϰāĻŖ āĻĒā§āϰāĻāĻžāĻļ āĻāϰā§āĻā§āĨ¤ [16]
āĻŽāĻšāĻžāĻŽāĻžāϰāĻŋāĻāĻŋ āĻĒā§āϰāĻŽāĻžāĻŖ āĻāϰ⧠āϝ⧠āĻā§āϞāĻŋāύāĻŋāĻā§āϝāĻžāϞ āĻāĻā§āĻāĻŋāύāĻŋā§āĻžāϰāĻŋāĻ āĻļā§āϧ⧠āϏāĻšāĻžā§āĻ āϰāĻā§āώāĻŖāĻžāĻŦā§āĻā§āώāĻŖ āϏā§āĻŦāĻž āύā§; āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāϰā§āϰāĻŋ āϏā§āĻŦāĻžāϏā§āĻĨā§āϝāϏā§āĻŦāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāϏā§āϤā§āϤāĻŋ āĻ āĻšāĻžāϏāĻĒāĻžāϤāĻžāϞā§āϰ āϏā§āĻĨāĻŋāϤāĻŋāϏā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāĻāϤāĻžāϰ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻ
āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻšāĻžāϰā§āϝ āĻ
āĻāĻļāĨ¤
XI. ⧍ā§Ļ⧍ā§Ŧ āϏāĻžāϞ⧠āĻā§āϞāĻŋāύāĻŋāĻā§āϝāĻžāϞ āĻāĻā§āĻāĻŋāύāĻŋā§āĻžāϰāĻŋāĻā§ā§āϰ āĻāĻžāϰā§āϝāĻĒāϰāĻŋāϧāĻŋ
⧍ā§Ļ⧍ā§Ŧ āϏāĻžāϞ⧠āĻā§āϞāĻŋāύāĻŋāĻā§āϝāĻžāϞ āĻāĻā§āĻāĻŋāύāĻŋā§āĻžāϰāĻŋāĻā§ā§āϰ āĻāĻžāϰā§āϝāĻĒāϰāĻŋāϧāĻŋāϰ āĻŽāϧā§āϝ⧠āĻĒā§āϰāĻāϞāĻŋāϤ āϰāĻā§āώāĻŖāĻžāĻŦā§āĻā§āώāĻŖā§āϰ āĻĒāĻžāĻļāĻžāĻĒāĻžāĻļāĻŋ āĻ
āύā§āϤāϰā§āĻā§āĻā§āϤ āϰā§ā§āĻā§:
âĸ āĻŽā§āĻĄāĻŋāĻā§āϞ āĻĄāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻāϏ āĻā§āĻŦāύāĻāĻā§āϰ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāϏā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāύāĻž;
âĸ āĻšāĻžāϏāĻĒāĻžāϤāĻžāϞāĻāĻŋāϤā§āϤāĻŋāĻ Health Technology Assessment (HTA);
âĸ āĻŽā§āϞāϧāύ⧠āĻĒā§āϰāϝā§āĻā§āϤāĻŋ āĻ āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āĻ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻāϞā§āĻĒāύāĻž;
âĸ āĻŽā§āĻĄāĻŋāĻā§āϞ āĻĄāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻāϏ āύā§āĻāĻā§āĻžāϰā§āĻāĻŋāĻ āĻ āĻāύā§āϤāĻāĻāĻžāϰā§āϝāĻā§āώāĻŽāϤāĻž;
âĸ āĻšāĻžāϏāĻĒāĻžāϤāĻžāϞ āϤāĻĨā§āϝāĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāϏā§āĻĨāĻžāϰ āϏāĻā§āĻā§ āĻĄāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻāϏ āϏāĻāϝā§āĻā§āϤāĻŋ;
âĸ āĻŽā§āĻĄāĻŋāĻā§āϞ āĻĄāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻāϏ āϏāĻžāĻāĻŦāĻžāϰ āύāĻŋāϰāĻžāĻĒāϤā§āϤāĻž;
âĸ Software as a Medical Device āĻŽā§āϞā§āϝāĻžā§āύ;
âĸ āĻā§āϤā§āϰāĻŋāĻŽ āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋāĻŽāϤā§āϤāĻžāĻāĻŋāϤā§āϤāĻŋāĻ āĻŽā§āĻĄāĻŋāĻā§āϞ āĻĒā§āϰāϝā§āĻā§āϤāĻŋ;
âĸ āĻā§āϞāĻŋāĻŽā§āĻĄāĻŋāϏāĻŋāύ āĻ āĻĻā§āϰāĻŦāϰā§āϤ⧠āϰā§āĻā§ āĻĒāϰā§āϝāĻŦā§āĻā§āώāĻŖ;
âĸ āĻŽā§āĻĄāĻŋāĻā§āϞ āĻā§āϝāĻžāϏ āĻ āĻ
āĻā§āϏāĻŋāĻā§āύ āĻ
āĻŦāĻāĻžāĻ āĻžāĻŽā§;
âĸ āϰā§āĻŦā§āĻāĻŋāĻ āĻ āĻĄāĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻāĻžāϞ āϏāĻžāϰā§āĻāĻžāϰāĻŋ āĻĒā§āϰāϝā§āĻā§āϤāĻŋ;
âĸ āĻĻā§āϰā§āϝā§āĻ āĻ āĻŽāĻšāĻžāĻŽāĻžāϰāĻŋ āĻĒā§āϰāϏā§āϤā§āϤāĻŋ; āĻāĻŦāĻ
âĸ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦā§āĻļāϏāĻŽā§āĻŽāϤ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāϏā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāύ āĻ āĻ-āĻŦāϰā§āĻā§āϝ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāϏā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāύāĻžāĨ¤
WHO-āĻāϰ ⧍ā§Ļ⧍ā§Ģ āϏāĻžāϞā§āϰ Health Technology Assessment āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻā§āĻļāĻŋāĻāĻž āĻ
āύā§āϝāĻžā§ā§, HTA āĻšāϞ⧠āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŦāĻšā§āĻŽāĻžāϤā§āϰāĻŋāĻ āĻĒā§āϰāĻā§āϰāĻŋā§āĻž, āϝā§āĻāĻžāύ⧠āϏā§āĻŦāĻžāϏā§āĻĨā§āϝāĻĒā§āϰāϝā§āĻā§āϤāĻŋāϰ āĻā§āϞāĻŋāύāĻŋāĻā§āϝāĻžāϞ, āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨāύā§āϤāĻŋāĻ, āύā§āϤāĻŋāĻ, āϏāĻžāĻāĻāĻ āύāĻŋāĻ āĻ āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻžāĻāĻŋāĻ āĻĒā§āϰāĻāĻžāĻŦ āĻŽā§āϞā§āϝāĻžā§āύ āĻāϰāĻž āĻšā§āĨ¤ ⧍ā§Ļ⧍ā§Ģ āϏāĻžāϞā§āϰ āĻšāĻžāϞāύāĻžāĻāĻžāĻĻ medical device policy āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻā§āĻļāĻŋāĻāĻžāϤā§āĻ āύāĻŋā§āύā§āϤā§āϰāĻŖ, HTA, HTM, āĻ
āĻā§āϰāĻžāϧāĻŋāĻāĻžāϰ āύāĻŋāϰā§āϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻŽā§āĻĄāĻŋāĻā§āϞ āĻĄāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻāϏ nomenclature-āĻāϰ āϏāĻŽāύā§āĻŦāĻŋāϤ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāϏā§āĻĨāĻžāϰ āĻāĻĒāϰ āĻā§āϰā§āϤā§āĻŦ āĻĻā§āĻā§āĻž āĻšā§ā§āĻā§āĨ¤ [17], [18]
XII. āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻžāĻĻā§āĻļā§āϰ āϏā§āĻŦāĻžāϏā§āĻĨā§āϝāĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāϏā§āĻĨāĻžā§ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāϤāĻŋāώā§āĻ āĻžāύāĻŋāĻ āĻĒā§āϰā§ā§āĻāύā§ā§āϤāĻž
āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻžāĻĻā§āĻļā§āϰ āϏā§āĻŦāĻžāϏā§āĻĨā§āϝāĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāϏā§āĻĨāĻžā§ āĻāĻžāϤā§ā§, āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āώāĻžā§āĻŋāϤ, āĻŽā§āĻĄāĻŋāĻā§āϞ āĻāϞā§āĻ, āĻā§āϞāĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻĒāĻā§āϞāĻž āĻĒāϰā§āϝāĻžā§ā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĒā§āϞāϏāĻāĻā§āϝāĻ āĻŽā§āĻĄāĻŋāĻā§āϞ āĻĄāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻāϏ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšāĻā§āĻā§āĨ¤ āϏā§āĻŦāĻžāϏā§āĻĨā§āϝ āĻ
āϧāĻŋāĻĻāĻĒā§āϤāϰā§āϰ āĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŦāĻŦāϰā§āϤ⧠āĻĒā§āϰāĻāĻžāĻļāύāĻžā§ National Equipment Maintenance and Engineering Workshop (NEMEW)-āĻāϰ āĻŽāĻžāϧā§āϝāĻŽā§ āϏāϰāĻāĻžāϰāĻŋ āĻšāĻžāϏāĻĒāĻžāϤāĻžāϞā§āϰ āĻŦāĻžā§ā§āĻŽā§āĻĄāĻŋāĻā§āϝāĻžāϞ āϝāύā§āϤā§āϰ āĻŽā§āϰāĻžāĻŽāϤ āĻ āϏāĻāĻļā§āϞāĻŋāώā§āĻ āĻāĻžāϰā§āϝāĻā§āϰāĻŽā§āϰ āĻāϞā§āϞā§āĻ āϰā§ā§āĻā§āĨ¤ [19]
World Bank-āĻāϰ Bangladesh Health Sector Support Project-āϏāĻāĻā§āϰāĻžāύā§āϤ āĻŽā§āϞā§āϝāĻžā§āύ⧠āϏā§āĻŦāĻžāϏā§āĻĨā§āϝ āĻāĻžāϤā§āϰ āĻā§āϰā§āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāϏā§āĻĨāĻžāĻā§ āĻ
āϤā§āϝāύā§āϤ āĻĒā§āϰāϝā§āĻā§āϤāĻŋāĻāϤ, āĻāĻāĻŋāϞ āĻ āĻŦā§āĻāĻŋāϤā§āϰā§āϝāĻŽā§ āĻšāĻŋāϏā§āĻŦā§ āĻŦāϰā§āĻŖāύāĻž āĻāϰāĻž āĻšā§ā§āĻā§āĨ¤ āϏā§āĻāĻžāύ⧠āĻā§āĻāϏāĻāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ procurement manager, biomedical engineer āĻāĻŦāĻ supply-chain āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āώāĻā§āĻā§āϰ āϏāĻŽāύā§āĻŦāĻŋāϤ āĻĻāϞ āĻĒā§āϰā§ā§āĻāύ āĻŦāϞ⧠āĻāϞā§āϞā§āĻ āĻāϰāĻž āĻšā§ā§āĻā§āĨ¤ [20]
āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻžāĻĻā§āĻļā§ āĻŽā§āĻĄāĻŋāĻā§āϞ āĻĄāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻāϏā§āϰ āύāĻŋā§āύā§āϤā§āϰāĻ āĻāϰā§āϤā§āĻĒāĻā§āώ āĻšāĻŋāϏā§āĻŦā§ Directorate General of Drug Administration (DGDA) āĻĻāĻžā§āĻŋāϤā§āĻŦ āĻĒāĻžāϞāύ āĻāϰā§āĨ¤ āϤāĻŦā§ āϝāύā§āϤā§āϰā§āϰ āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻžāϰ⧠āĻĒā§āϰāĻŦā§āĻļā§āϰ āύāĻŋā§āύā§āϤā§āϰāĻŖ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻšāĻžāϏāĻĒāĻžāϤāĻžāϞā§āϰ āĻ
āĻā§āϝāύā§āϤāϰ⧠āĻĒā§āϰāϝā§āĻā§āϤāĻŋāϰ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŖ āĻā§āĻŦāύāĻāĻā§āϰ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāϏā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāύāĻž āĻĒā§āĻĨāĻ āĻāĻŋāύā§āϤ⧠āĻĒāϰāϏā§āĻĒāϰāϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāϰā§āĻāĻŋāϤ āĻāĻžāϰā§āϝāĻā§āϰāĻŽāĨ¤ [21]
āĻ āĻĒā§āϰā§āĻā§āώāĻžāĻĒāĻā§ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻāĻŋ āϏā§āϤāϰā§āϰ āϏāϰāĻāĻžāϰāĻŋ āĻšāĻžāϏāĻĒāĻžāϤāĻžāϞ⧠āĻĒā§āϰā§ā§āĻāύ āĻ āϏāĻā§āώāĻŽāϤāĻž āĻ
āύā§āϝāĻžā§ā§ Clinical and Biomedical Engineering Department āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāώā§āĻ āĻžāϰ āύā§āϤāĻŋāĻāϤ āĻāĻŋāϤā§āϤāĻŋ āϰā§ā§āĻā§āĨ¤ āĻĒā§āϰāϏā§āϤāĻžāĻŦāĻŋāϤ āĻāĻžāĻ āĻžāĻŽā§āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϧāĻžāύ āĻāĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻžāύ āĻšāĻā§āĻž āĻāĻāĻŋāϤ:
1. āĻā§āύā§āĻĻā§āϰā§ā§ āĻĒāϰā§āϝāĻžā§ā§ āĻāĻžāϤā§ā§ Clinical Engineering and HTM Directorate;
2. āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ āĻ āĻ
āĻā§āĻāϞ⧠āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āώāĻžā§āĻŋāϤ āĻĒā§āϰāĻā§āĻļāϞ āϏāĻšāĻžā§āϤāĻž āĻā§āύā§āĻĻā§āϰ;
3. āĻŽā§āĻĄāĻŋāĻā§āϞ āĻāϞā§āĻ āĻ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āώāĻžā§āĻŋāϤ āĻšāĻžāϏāĻĒāĻžāϤāĻžāϞ⧠āĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŖāĻžāĻā§āĻ āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ;
4. āĻā§āϞāĻž āĻšāĻžāϏāĻĒāĻžāϤāĻžāϞ⧠āĻā§āϞāĻŋāύāĻŋāĻā§āϝāĻžāϞ āĻāĻā§āĻāĻŋāύāĻŋā§āĻžāϰ āĻ āĻĒā§āϰā§ā§āĻāύā§ā§ āĻĒā§āϰāϝā§āĻā§āϤāĻŋāĻŦāĻŋāĻĻ;
5. āĻāĻĒāĻā§āϞāĻž āĻĒāϰā§āϝāĻžā§ā§ āĻāĻā§āĻāϞāĻŋāĻ āĻŦāĻž cluster-based āĻĒā§āϰāĻā§āĻļāϞ āϏāĻšāĻžā§āϤāĻž;
6. āĻāĻžāϤā§ā§ āĻŽā§āĻĄāĻŋāĻā§āϞ āϝāύā§āϤā§āϰ āĻāύāĻā§āύā§āĻāϰāĻŋ āĻ computerized maintenance management system;
7. āĻ
āĻāĻŋāύā§āύ āĻā§āϰāĻšāĻŖāϝā§āĻā§āϝāϤāĻž āĻĒāϰā§āĻā§āώāĻž, āĻā§āϝāĻžāϞāĻŋāĻŦā§āϰā§āĻļāύ āĻ āϰāĻā§āώāĻŖāĻžāĻŦā§āĻā§āώāĻŖ āĻĒā§āϰā§āĻā§āĻāϞ; āĻāĻŦāĻ
8. āĻā§āϰā§, āϏā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāύ, āĻĒā§āϰāĻļāĻŋāĻā§āώāĻŖ, āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ, āϰāĻā§āώāĻŖāĻžāĻŦā§āĻā§āώāĻŖ āĻ āĻ
āĻŦāϏāĻžā§āύ⧠āĻĒā§āϰāĻā§āĻļāϞā§āϰ āĻŦāĻžāϧā§āϝāϤāĻžāĻŽā§āϞāĻ āĻ
āĻāĻļāĻā§āϰāĻšāĻŖāĨ¤
āĻāϏāĻŦ āĻĒā§āϰāϏā§āϤāĻžāĻŦ āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻžāĻĻā§āĻļā§āϰ āĻšāĻžāϏāĻĒāĻžāϤāĻžāϞāĻā§āϞā§āϤ⧠āϝāύā§āϤā§āϰā§āϰ āĻāĻžāϰā§āϝāĻāϰ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ, āĻŦāĻŋāύāĻŋā§ā§āĻā§āϰ āϏā§āϰāĻā§āώāĻž, āĻĒāϰāĻŋāώā§āĻŦāĻžāϰ āϧāĻžāϰāĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻāϤāĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ āϰā§āĻā§ āύāĻŋāϰāĻžāĻĒāϤā§āϤāĻž āĻāύā§āύā§āύā§āϰ āϞāĻā§āώā§āϝ⧠āύā§āϤāĻŋāĻāϤ āϏā§āĻĒāĻžāϰāĻŋāĻļ āĻšāĻŋāϏā§āĻŦā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦā§āĻā§āϝāĨ¤
XIII. āĻāϞā§āĻāύāĻž
āĻā§āϞāĻŋāύāĻŋāĻā§āϝāĻžāϞ āĻāĻā§āĻāĻŋāύāĻŋā§āĻžāϰāĻŋāĻā§ā§āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦāϰā§āϤāύāĻā§ āϤāĻŋāύāĻāĻŋ āĻĒā§āϰāϧāĻžāύ āĻĒāϰā§āϝāĻžā§ā§ āĻāĻžāĻ āĻāϰāĻž āϝāĻžā§āĨ¤ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽ āĻĒāϰā§āϝāĻžā§ā§ āĻĒā§āϰāĻā§āĻļāϞ āĻ āĻĒāĻĻāĻžāϰā§āĻĨāĻŦāĻŋāĻā§āĻāĻžāύā§āϰ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻžāϝā§āϝ⧠āĻļāĻžāϰā§āϰāĻŦā§āϤā§āϤā§ā§ āϏāĻāĻā§āϤ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻĒ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻŋāĻāĻŋā§āϏāĻž āϝāύā§āϤā§āϰ āĻāĻĻā§āĻāĻžāĻŦāĻŋāϤ āĻšā§āĨ¤ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāϤā§ā§ āĻĒāϰā§āϝāĻžā§ā§ āĻšāĻžāϏāĻĒāĻžāϤāĻžāϞāĻā§āϞā§āϤ⧠āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āϝā§āϤāĻŋāĻ āύāĻŋāϰāĻžāĻĒāϤā§āϤāĻž, āĻā§āϝāĻžāϞāĻŋāĻŦā§āϰā§āĻļāύ āĻ āϰāĻā§āώāĻŖāĻžāĻŦā§āĻā§āώāĻŖā§āϰ āĻāύā§āϝ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āώāĻžā§āĻŋāϤ āĻĒā§āϰāĻā§āĻļāϞ āĻāĻāύāĻŋāĻ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāώā§āĻ āĻŋāϤ āĻšā§āĨ¤ āϤā§āϤā§ā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻŦāϰā§āϤāĻŽāĻžāύ āĻĒāϰā§āϝāĻžā§ā§ āĻā§āϞāĻŋāύāĻŋāĻā§āϝāĻžāϞ āĻāĻā§āĻāĻŋāύāĻŋā§āĻžāϰāĻŋāĻ āĻĒā§āϰāϝā§āĻā§āϤāĻŋ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻāϞā§āĻĒāύāĻž, āĻā§āĻŦāύāĻāĻā§āϰ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāϏā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāύāĻž, HTA, āĻĄāĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻāĻžāϞ āϏā§āĻŦāĻžāϏā§āĻĨā§āϝ, āĻāύā§āϤāĻāĻāĻžāϰā§āϝāĻā§āώāĻŽāϤāĻž, āϏāĻžāĻāĻŦāĻžāϰ āύāĻŋāϰāĻžāĻĒāϤā§āϤāĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ āύā§āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋāϰā§āϧāĻžāϰāĻŖā§ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒā§āϰāϏāĻžāϰāĻŋāϤ āĻšā§ā§āĻā§āĨ¤
āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻšāĻžāϏāĻĒāĻžāϤāĻžāϞā§āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϝā§āĻā§āϤāĻŋāĻāϤ āϏāĻā§āώāĻŽāϤāĻž āĻļā§āϧ⧠āĻāϤāĻā§āϞ⧠āĻāϧā§āύāĻŋāĻ āϝāύā§āϤā§āϰ āϰā§ā§āĻā§ āϤāĻžāϰ āĻāĻĒāϰ āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻāϰ āĻāϰ⧠āύāĻžāĨ¤ āϝāύā§āϤā§āϰāĻā§āϞ⧠āĻĒā§āϰā§ā§āĻāύ āĻ
āύā§āϝāĻžā§ā§ āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻŦāĻžāĻāύ āĻāϰāĻž āĻšā§ā§āĻā§ āĻāĻŋ āύāĻž, āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āϏā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāύ āĻ āĻĒāϰā§āĻā§āώāĻž āĻāϰāĻž āĻšā§ā§āĻā§ āĻāĻŋ āύāĻž, āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰāĻāĻžāϰā§āϰāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻļāĻŋāĻā§āώāĻŋāϤ āĻāĻŋ āύāĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ āύāĻŋā§āĻŽāĻŋāϤ āϰāĻā§āώāĻŖāĻžāĻŦā§āĻā§āώāĻŖ āĻ āĻā§āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻĒāϰā§āϝāĻŦā§āĻā§āώāĻŖ āĻšāĻā§āĻā§ āĻāĻŋ āύāĻžâāĻāϏāĻŦ āĻŦāĻŋāώā§ā§āϰ āϏāĻŽāύā§āĻŦāĻŋāϤ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāϏā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāύāĻžāĻ āĻĒā§āϰāĻā§āϤ āϏāĻā§āώāĻŽāϤāĻž āύāĻŋāϰā§āϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻāϰā§āĨ¤
XIV. āĻāĻĒāϏāĻāĻšāĻžāϰ
āĻā§āϞāĻŋāύāĻŋāĻā§āϝāĻžāϞ āĻāĻā§āĻāĻŋāύāĻŋā§āĻžāϰāĻŋāĻā§ā§āϰ āĻāϤāĻŋāĻšāĻžāϏ āĻāĻŋāĻāĻŋā§āϏāĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻā§āĻāĻžāύ⧠āĻĒā§āϰāĻā§āĻļāϞ āĻĒā§āϰā§ā§āĻā§āϰ āϧāĻžāϰāĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦāϰā§āϤāύā§āϰ āĻāϤāĻŋāĻšāĻžāϏāĨ¤ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻĨāĻŽāĻŋāĻ āϰāĻā§āϤāĻāĻžāĻĒ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻĒ, āĻāĻā§āϏ-āϰ⧠āĻ ECG āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻļā§āϰ⧠āĻāϰ⧠āĻāϧā§āύāĻŋāĻ āύā§āĻāĻā§āĻžāϰā§āĻāϝā§āĻā§āϤ, āϏāĻĢāĻāĻā§ā§āϝāĻžāϰāĻāĻžāϞāĻŋāϤ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻā§āϤā§āϰāĻŋāĻŽ āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋāĻŽāϤā§āϤāĻžāύāĻŋāϰā§āĻāϰ āĻŽā§āĻĄāĻŋāĻā§āϞ āĻĄāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻāϏ āĻĒāϰā§āϝāύā§āϤ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻāĻŋ āĻ
āĻā§āϰāĻāϤāĻŋ āĻāĻ āĻĒā§āĻļāĻžāϰ āĻā§āϰā§āϤā§āĻŦ āĻŦāĻžā§āĻŋā§ā§āĻā§āĨ¤
⧧⧝ā§Ŧ⧝ āϏāĻžāϞ⧠âClinical Engineeringâ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻāĻžāώāĻžāϰ āĻŦāĻšā§āϞ āĻāĻĻā§āϧā§āϤ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰā§āϰ āĻĒāϰ āĻĒā§āĻļāĻžāĻāĻŋ āϝāύā§āϤā§āϰ āϰāĻā§āώāĻŖāĻžāĻŦā§āĻā§āώāĻŖāĻā§āύā§āĻĻā§āϰāĻŋāĻ āϏā§āĻŦāĻž āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻļāĻŋāϤ āĻšā§ā§ āĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŖāĻžāĻā§āĻ āϏā§āĻŦāĻžāϏā§āĻĨā§āϝāĻĒā§āϰāϝā§āĻā§āϤāĻŋ āĻā§āĻŦāύāĻāĻā§āϰ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāϏā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāύāĻž, āϰā§āĻā§ āύāĻŋāϰāĻžāĻĒāϤā§āϤāĻž, āĻĒā§āϰāϝā§āĻā§āϤāĻŋ āĻŽā§āϞā§āϝāĻžā§āύ, āϤāĻĨā§āϝāĻĒā§āϰāϝā§āĻā§āϤāĻŋ āϏāĻāϝā§āĻā§āϤāĻŋ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻā§āĻļāϞāĻāϤ āĻšāĻžāϏāĻĒāĻžāϤāĻžāϞ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻāĻžāϞāύāĻžāϰ āĻ
āĻāĻļā§ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŖāϤ āĻšā§ā§āĻā§āĨ¤
āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻžāĻĻā§āĻļā§āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϝā§āĻā§āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋāϰā§āĻāϰ āϏāϰāĻāĻžāϰāĻŋ āϏā§āĻŦāĻžāϏā§āĻĨā§āϝāϏā§āĻŦāĻžā§ āϏā§āϤāϰāĻāĻŋāϤā§āϤāĻŋāĻ āĻ āĻāĻŦāĻžāĻŦāĻĻāĻŋāĻšāĻŋāĻŽā§āϞāĻ āĻā§āϞāĻŋāύāĻŋāĻā§āϝāĻžāϞ āĻ āĻŦāĻžā§ā§āĻŽā§āĻĄāĻŋāĻā§āϝāĻžāϞ āĻāĻā§āĻāĻŋāύāĻŋā§āĻžāϰāĻŋāĻ āĻāĻžāĻ āĻžāĻŽā§ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāώā§āĻ āĻž āϰā§āĻā§āϰ āύāĻŋāϰāĻžāĻĒāϤā§āϤāĻž, āĻāĻŋāĻāĻŋā§āϏāĻžāϏā§āĻŦāĻžāϰ āϧāĻžāϰāĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻāϤāĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ āϏāϰāĻāĻžāϰāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāύāĻŋā§ā§āĻā§āϰ āĻāĻžāϰā§āϝāĻāϰ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰā§āϰ āĻāύā§āϝ āĻā§āϰā§āϤā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŖāĨ¤
āϰā§āĻĢāĻžāϰā§āύā§āϏāϏāĻŽā§āĻš
[1] American College of Clinical Engineering, âClinical Engineer Defined,â ACCE, Henderson, NV, USA, accessed Jul. 12, 2026. [Online]. Available: https://accenet.org/about/Pages/ClinicalEngineer.aspx
[2] J. P. Saul et al., âHeart rate variability and the dawn of complex physiological signal analysis,â Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A, vol. 379, no. 2212, 2021, doi: 10.1098/rsta.2020.0255. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2020.0255
[3] Nobel Prize Outreach, âWilhelm Conrad RÃļntgenâFacts,â NobelPrize.org, accessed Jul. 12, 2026. [Online]. Available: https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1901/rontgen/facts/
[4] Nobel Prize Outreach, âWillem EinthovenâFacts,â NobelPrize.org, accessed Jul. 12, 2026. [Online]. Available: https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1924/einthoven/facts/
[5] R. P. Zambuto, âClinical engineers in the 21st century,â IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Magazine, vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 37â41, MayâJun. 2004, doi: 10.1109/MEMB.2004.1317980. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1109/MEMB.2004.1317980
[6] International Federation for Medical and Biological Engineering, âHistory of IFMBE,â accessed Jul. 12, 2026. [Online]. Available: https://ifmbe.org/about-ifmbe/history-of-ifmbe/
[7] International Federation for Medical and Biological Engineering, âClinical Engineering Division,â accessed Jul. 12, 2026. [Online]. Available: https://ifmbe.org/organisation-structure/divisions/clinical-engineering-division/
[8] J. R. Landoll and C. A. Caceres, âAutomation of data acquisition in patient testing,â Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 57, no. 11, pp. 1941â1953, Nov. 1969, doi: 10.1109/PROC.1969.7440. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1109/PROC.1969.7440
[9] World Health Organization, Medical Equipment Maintenance Programme Overview. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO, 2011, ISBN: 978-92-4-150153-8. [Online]. Available: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241501538
[10] J. O. Wear, âCertification in the United States, Canada and Asia,â Global Clinical Engineering Journal, special issue, pp. 15â22, 2018. [Online]. Available: https://globalce.org/index.php/GlobalCE/article/download/29/9
[11] American College of Clinical Engineering, âClinical Engineering Certification,â ACCE News, Jul. 1999. [Online]. Available:https://accenet.org/resources/Newsletters/ACCENewsJuly1999.pdf
[12] American College of Clinical Engineering, âOur History,â ACCE, accessed Jul. 12, 2026. [Online]. Available: https://accenet.org/about/Pages/History.aspx
[13] Healthcare Technology Certification Commission, Certification Handbookâ2026 Virtual Edition. HTCC, Jan. 2026. [Online]. Available:https://accenet.org/CECertification/Documents/HTCC_Certification_Handbook_2026_%202.4.26%20Final_Clean.pdf
[14] AAMI Certification Institute, âCertifications,â Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation, accessed Jul. 12, 2026. [Online]. Available: https://aami.org/certifications/
[15] World Health Organization, Human Resources for Medical Devices: The Role of Biomedical Engineers. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO, 2017, ISBN: 978-92-4-156547-9. [Online]. Available: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241565479
[16] World Health Organization, âTrainings for Medical Devices,â WHO, accessed Jul. 12, 2026. [Online]. Available: https://www.who.int/teams/health-product-policy-and-standards/assistive-and-medical-technology/medical-devices/management-use/trainings
[17] World Health Organization, Health Technology Assessment of Medical Devices, 2nd ed. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO, 2025, ISBN: 978-92-4-011087-8. [Online]. Available: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240110878
[18] World Health Organization, Development of Medical Device Policies, 2nd ed. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO, 2025, ISBN: 978-92-4-011440-1. [Online]. Available: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240114401
[19] Directorate General of Health Services, Health Bulletin 2008. Dhaka, Bangladesh: DGHS, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, 2008. [Online]. Available:https://old.dghs.gov.bd/licts_file/images/Health_Bulletin/HealthBulletin2008.pdf
[20] World Bank, Bangladesh Health Sector Support Project: Project Appraisal Document. Washington, DC, USA: World Bank, 2017. [Online]. Available: https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/509301501466454241/txt/BANGLADESH-HSSP-PAD-07112017.txt
[21] World Health Organization Bangladesh, âStrengthening National Regulatory Authority,â WHO, accessed Jul. 12, 2026. [Online]. Available: https://www.who.int/bangladesh/activities/strengthening-national-regulatory-authority